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Notopalaeognathae
Temporal range: Paleocene – Holocene, [1] [2] 60–0  Ma
Greater rhea ( Rhea americana)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Infraclass: Palaeognathae
Clade: Notopalaeognathae
Yuri et al., 2013
Clades

Notopalaeognathae is a clade that contains the order Rheiformes (rheas), the clade Novaeratitae (which includes the cassowaries and emus, the kiwis, and the extinct elephant birds), and the clade Dinocrypturi (comprising the tinamous and the extinct moas). [3] The exact relationships of this group, including its recently extinct members, have only recently been uncovered. The two lineages endemic to New Zealand, the kiwis and the extinct moas, are not each other's closest relatives: the moas are most closely related to the Neotropical tinamous, [4] [5] [6] [7] and the kiwis are sister to the extinct elephant birds of Madagascar, with kiwis and elephant birds together sister to the cassowaries and emu of New Guinea and Australia. [6] The South American rheas are either sister to all other notopalaeognaths [8] or sister to Novaeratitae. [3] The sister group to Notopalaeognathae is Struthionidae (the ostrich family).

References

  1. ^ "Notopalaeognathae". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  2. ^ Van Tuinen M. (2009) Birds (Aves). In The Timetree of Life, Hedges SB, Kumar S (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 409–411.
  3. ^ a b Yuri, T.; et al. (2013). "Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals". Biology. 2 (1). MDPI: 419–44. doi: 10.3390/biology2010419. PMC  4009869. PMID  24832669.
  4. ^ Phillips MJ, Gibb GC, Crimp EA, Penny D (January 2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID  20525622.
  5. ^ Allentoft, M. E.; Rawlence, N. J. (2012-01-20). "Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1): 36–51. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002. PMID  21596537.
  6. ^ a b Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (2014-05-23). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwis are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode: 2014Sci...344..898M. doi: 10.1126/science.1251981. hdl: 2328/35953. PMID  24855267. S2CID  206555952.
  7. ^ Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–1696. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID  24825849.
  8. ^ Hackett, S.J.; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–8. Bibcode: 2008Sci...320.1763H. doi: 10.1126/science.1157704. PMID  18583609. S2CID  6472805.


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