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Languages spoken in northwest North America
Northern Athabaskan is a geographic sub-grouping of the
Athabaskan language family spoken by indigenous peoples in the northern part of
North America, particularly in
Alaska (
Alaskan Athabaskans),
Yukon, and the
Northwest Territories. The Northern Athabaskan languages consist of 31 languages that can be divided into seven geographic subgroups.
Classification
- Northern Athabaskan
- Southern Alaskan
-
Ahtna (also known as Atna, Ahtena, Copper River)
- Central Copper River Ahtna
- Lower Copper River Ahtna
- Mentasta (also known as Upper Ahtna)
- Western Ahtna
-
Dena’ina (also known as Tanaina)
- Lower Inlet Dena’ina
- Outer Inlet
- Iliamna
- Inland
- Upper Inlet Dena’ina
- Central Alaska–Yukon
- Koyukon
-
Deg Xinag (also known as Deg Hit'an, Kaiyuhkhotana, Ingalik)
- Lower Yukon River
- Middle Kuskokwin
-
Holikachuk (also known as Innoko, Innoka-khotana, Tlëgon-khotana)
-
Koyukon (also known as Ten’a, Co-Youkon, Co-yukon)
- Lower Koyukon (also known as Lower Yukon Koyukon)
- Central Koyukon (also known as Dinaakkanaaga Ts’inh Huyoza, Koyukuk River Koyukon)
- Upper Koyukon (also known as Upper Yukon Koyukon)
- Tanana–Tutchone
-
Upper Kuskokwim (also known as Kolchan, Goltsan)
-
Tanana
-
Lower Tanana (also known as Tanana, Minto, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
- Minto-Tolovana-Toklat-Nenana-Wood River
- Minto-Tolovana
- Toklat
- Nenana
- Wood River
- Chena
- Salcha-Goodpastor
-
Tanacross (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
-
Upper Tanana (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
- Nabesna
- Tetlin
- Northway
- Scottie Creek
- Canadian Upper Tanana
-
Tutchone (also known as Gens de Bois, Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Tutchonekutchin)
- Southern Tutchone (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)
- Northern Tutchone (also known as Mayo) (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)
- Kutchin–Han
-
Gwich’in (also known as Gwitch’in, Kutchin, Kootchin, Loucheux, Loucheaux, Takudh, Tukudh, "Quarrelers")
- Alaskan Gwich’in (also known as Western Gwich’in)
- Canadian Gwich’in (also known as Eastern Gwich’in)
-
Hän (also known as Han, Moosehide, Dawson, Gens du Fou, Han Gwich-in, Han-Kootchin, Hankutchin)
- Northwestern Canada
- Cordillera
- Central Cordillera (also known as Tahltan-Tagish-Kaska)
-
Tagish (also known as Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Si-him-E-na, "Stick Indians", Tagisch, Tahgish, Tahkeesh, Tahk-heesh)
-
Tahltan (also known as Nahanni, Keyehotine, Nahane, Nahani, Tahl-tan, Tatltan, Ticaxhanoten, Toltan)
-
Kaska (also known as Nahanni, Nahane, Nahani, Cassiar)
- Southeastern Cordillera
-
Sekani
-
Danezaa (also known as Beaver, Tsattine, Dunne-za, Deneza, Gens de Castor)
- Mackenzie
-
Slavey–Hare (v Slave)
- Slavey (also known as Slavey proper, South Slavey, Southern Slavey, Dene Tha, Esclave, Nahane, Nahani, Slave)
- Mountain (also known as Montagnards, Nahane, Nahani, Sih gotine, Sihta gotine)
- Bearlake (also known as Satudine, Sahtu gotine, Bear Lake)
- Hare (also known as Kawchottine, Ka so gotine, Kancho, Kawchodinneh, Rabbitskins, Ta-na-tin-ne)
-
Dogrib (also known as Tli Cho, Tłįchǫ or Thlingchadine)
- Chipewyan
-
Dene Suline (also known as Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene, Yellowknife, Montagnais, "Northern Indians", Copper Indians, Coppermine Indians, Mithcocoman, Red Knife, T’atsan ottine, Tatsotine, Yellow Knife)
-
Tsetsaut (also known as Ts’ets’aut, Nahane, Nahani, Portland Canal, Wetalth)
- Central British Columbia
-
Babine-Witsuwit'en (also known as North Carrier, Babine Carrier, Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley, Lakes District, Western Carrier)
- Babine (also known as Nadot’en, Nedut’en, Nat’oot’en)
- Takla
-
Witsuwit’en (also known as Wetsuwet’en, Wets’uwet’en, Wet’suwet’en)
- Moricetown
- Francois Lake
-
Dakelh (also known as Carrier, Dakelhne, Takelne, Takulli, Taculli, Takulie, Porteur, Nagailer)
- Central Carrier (also known as Upper Carrier)
- Southern Carrier (also known as Lower Carrier)
-
Chilcotin (also known as Tsilhqot’in, Tinneh, Chilkhodins, Tsilkotin)
-
Nicola (also known as
Stuwix, Nicola-Similkameen) (
†)
-
Sarsi (also known as Sarcee, Tsuu T’ina, or Tsuut’ina)
- Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai
-
Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (also known as Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanie)
- Willapa (also known as Willoopah)
- Suwal-Clatskanie
- Suwal
- Clatskanie (also known as Tlatskanie)
References
Bibliography
External links
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Northern | Southern Alaskan | |
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Central Alaska–Yukon | |
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Northwestern Canada | |
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Central British Columbia | |
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Other North Athabaskan | |
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Pacific Coast | California Athabaskan | |
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Oregon Athabaskan | |
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Southern | Western Apachean | |
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Eastern Apachean | |
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Plains Apachean | |
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(
Proto-language) | |
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