Nahal_Oren_(archaeological_site) References

Nahal Oren
	Nahal Oren Cave and the prehistoric site
	location in Israel Nahal Oren (archaeological site) (Israel)
Location	wadi of Nahal Oren ( Hebrew)/Wadi Fallah ( Arabic), Mount Carmel
Region	south of Haifa, Israel
Coordinates	32°43′N 34°58′E / 32.717°N 34.967°E

Nahal Oren is an archaeological site on the northern bank of the wadi of Nahal Oren ( Hebrew)/Wadi Fallah ( Arabic) on Mount Carmel, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Haifa, Israel.^[1] The site comprises a cave and the small terrace in front of it, which steeply descends towards the wadi floor.^[2] The site was first excavated in 1941.^[1] Kebaran ( Upper Paleolithic), Natufian ( Epipaleolithic) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and B (PPNA, PPNB) industries were found.^[1]

Upper Paleolithic

Grain

Wheat was recovered from the Nahal Oren site, but it was not certain whether it was cultivated or wild. Grain was relatively rare at the site in comparison with other food resources.^[1] The age of the emmer wheat grains found there is an indication that the cultivation of grain might have started as early as 16,000 years ago.^[3] In 1985 the three spikelets of cultivated emmer found in a Kebaran context in Wadi Oren were seen to be so early as to be considered an anomaly. ^[4]^{[
dubious –
discuss]}

Neolithic village

A PPNA village of some 13 subcircular houses and other structures stood on four artificial, closely set terraces. The buildings were similar to those of PPNA Jericho.^[2]

Only one human burial was discovered at the PPNA village site. There were no grave goods in the burial pit, and the skeleton was complete with the exception of the skull, which had been removed - an early example of a practice better known from the later Neolithic.^[2]

The remains of the PPNB village are far more scarce, but seem to be in continuation of the PPNA phase.^[5]

Skeletons from Nahal Oren (Miriam Stekelis Museum of Prehistory, Haifa)
Mortar and pestle from Nahal Oren, Natufian, 12500-9500 BC.
Basalt sharpening stones, Eynan ('Ain Mallaha) and Nahal Oren, Natufian Culture, 12500-9500 BC.

Domestication of gazelles and goats

During Neolithic occupation, the main source of food at the site appears to have been gazelles, and judging from the high incidence of immature gazelle bones, these animals were domesticated.^[1] The later shift to goat husbandry may have occurred because goats are less selective in their diets than gazelles, and can graze in areas where the gazelle would not fare well.^[1]

Repeated occupation

Nahal Oren was occupied repeatedly over thousands of years by culture after culture, which means that it was a preferred site for occupation, rather than an occasional one.^[1]

External links

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g A.M.L. Moore, The Neolithic of the Levant, Oxford University, 1978
^ ^a ^b ^c A.M.L. Moore, The Neolithic of the Levant, Oxford University, 1978. Chapter 2 (pp. 99-106). [1]
^ Mary Settegast (1990). Plato Prehistorian (via Steve Gagné, Food Energetics: The Spiritual, Emotional, and Nutritional Power of What We Eat, Healing Arts Press, 2008 ed.). New York: Hudson, Lindisfarne Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781594777837. Retrieved 27 January 2017. The recent and totally unexpected find of several grains of morphologically domestic emmer wheat at the Palestinian site of Nahal Oren also rises the possibility that grain was under cultivation as early as 14000 BC.
^ J. R. Harlan (1986). Claudio Barigozzi (ed.). Plant Domestication: Diffuse Origins and Diffusion. Developments in Agricultural and Managed-Forest Ecology 16 (1 ed.). Elsevier Science. p. 27. ISBN 0-444-42703-1. Retrieved 27 January 2017. The very early site for cultivated emmer at Nahal Oren is, at present, an anomaly, but could be real. Three spikelets were found sealed under a rock fall in Kebaran context. The morphology is that of a cultivated race.... {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help)
^ A.M.L. Moore, The Neolithic of the Levant, Oxford University, 1978. Chapter 4 (pp. 218-221). [2]

[Moore78-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g A.M.L. Moore, The Neolithic of the Levant, Oxford University, 1978

[MooreCh2-2] A.M.L. Moore, The Neolithic of the Levant, Oxford University, 1978. Chapter 2 (pp. 99-106). [1]

[Settegast90-3] Mary Settegast (1990). Plato Prehistorian (via Steve Gagné, Food Energetics: The Spiritual, Emotional, and Nutritional Power of What We Eat, Healing Arts Press, 2008 ed.). New York: Hudson, Lindisfarne Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781594777837. Retrieved 27 January 2017. The recent and totally unexpected find of several grains of morphologically domestic emmer wheat at the Palestinian site of Nahal Oren also rises the possibility that grain was under cultivation as early as 14000 BC.

[Harlan-4] J. R. Harlan (1986). Claudio Barigozzi (ed.). Plant Domestication: Diffuse Origins and Diffusion. Developments in Agricultural and Managed-Forest Ecology 16 (1 ed.). Elsevier Science. p. 27. ISBN 0-444-42703-1. Retrieved 27 January 2017. The very early site for cultivated emmer at Nahal Oren is, at present, an anomaly, but could be real. Three spikelets were found sealed under a rock fall in Kebaran context. The morphology is that of a cultivated race.... {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help)

[MooreCh4-5] A.M.L. Moore, The Neolithic of the Levant, Oxford University, 1978. Chapter 4 (pp. 218-221). [2]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Nahal Oren Cave and the prehistoric site
location in Israel Show map of Near East Nahal Oren (archaeological site) (Israel) Show map of Israel
Location	wadi of Nahal Oren ( Hebrew)/Wadi Fallah ( Arabic), Mount Carmel
Region	south of Haifa, Israel
Coordinates	32°43′N 34°58′E / 32.717°N 34.967°E / 32.717; 34.967