Michael Levi Rodkinson (1845 – January 4, 1904) was a Jewish scholar, an early Hasidic historiographer and an American publisher. Rodkinson is known for being the first to translate the
Babylonian Talmud to
English. Rodkinson’s literary works cover topics in Hasidic historiography as well as Judaic studies associated with the Haskalah movement.
Biography
Born in the
Russian Empire with the
surname "Frumkin", Michael Levi was the son of Alexander Sender Frumkin and half brother of
Israel Dov Bär Frumkin, the editor of The Havatzeleth newspaper in
Jerusalem, Arieh Tzvi Hirsch Frumkin and Guishe Frumkin-Navon. Rodkinson's mother was Radka Chayah Horowitz (1802–47) who died at an early age when he was still young. Michael Levi was named after his grandfather,
Aaron ha-Levi ben Moses of
Staroselye, a prominent rabbi of the
Chabad movement, who created his own
Hasidic group in
Usha and then in Starosjle. Michael grew up in a
HasidicChabad atmosphere.
He changed his name to Rodkinson (after his mother's name "Radka") for unknown reasons. He lived in
Germany for a period of time where he published some of his books, then moved to the
United States and settled in
New York City, where he worked as a publisher. Among his works is an uncompleted translation of the Babylonian Talmud to English. The translation was harshly reviewed, eliciting the derision of talmudists such as
Kaufmann Kohler, who labeled Rodkinson a "sham scholar" for the many apparently misinformed or naive translations of common talmudical terms.[2][3]
Ephraim Deinard was a critic of Rodkinson and is described as a literary adversary.
Rabbi
Isaac M. Wise publicly defended Rodkinson after he faced criticism in the pages of the American Jewish press.[4]
Rodkinson collected many stories from his childhood amongst the Hassidim, and compiled these into books that he later published. These were among the first books to tell stories in
Hebrew and
Yiddish. (Until then, Hebrew was mostly used as a kind of Jewish and Rabbinic
lingua franca for works of scholarship in letters,
Talmud,
halakha, philosophy, ethics,
Kabbalah, and
hassidut while
Yiddish was used as a spoken language by Jews across
Ashkenaz.)[citation needed]
Rodkinson married three times; his oldest child with his first wife was Rosamond Rodkinson. She helped her father translate the Talmud and also traveled the world to gather support. His next child with his second wife was his son
Max Rodkinson, a famous actor of the
Yiddish theater in New York. Max changed his name to "Rudolph Marks" because his father did not want him to use the "Rodkinson" name as a Yiddish actor. After a few years of acting he left the stage and became a lawyer, taking back his original name. His third child also from his second wife was Norbert Mortimer Rodkinson, who also helped his father translate the Talmud into English. Michael Levi Rodkinson had another son and two daughters with his third wife.
Published works
Sefer Adas Tzaddikim (Lemberg 1869)
Toldot Baalei Shem Tov (Konigsberg, 1876)
Toldot Amudei HaChabad [History of the Pillars of
Chabad] (Konigsberg, 1876)
Eben Haroscha: Verschiedene Ausichten betreffs der Reform des Jüdischen ritualgesetzes der "Judenfrage" und deren Lösung [Different views on the reform of the Jewish ritual law of the "Jewish question" and its solution] (Berlin 1884)
Der Shulchan Aruch und seine Beziehungen zu den Juden und nichtJuden (Vienna, 1883–87)
History of amulets, charms, and talismans : a historical investigation into their nature and origin (New York: 1893)
The Pentateuch, its Languages and its Characters: A Treatise Upon the Original Language and the Early Translations of the Pentateuch into Greek and Aramaic (Chicago: Bloch and Co., 1894)
New edition of the Babylonian Talmud (New York, New Talmud Pub. Co., 1901)
Gallery
Newspaper clippings relating to M. L. Rodkinson
1892 article on Rodkinson in The American Israelite
1894 letter by Rabbi Isaac M. Wise defending Rodkinson
1895 article on Rodkinson in The Boston Globe
1895 announcement of "Rodkinson's Talmud" in The American Israelite
1896 article and sketch of Rodkinson in The Kentucky Post and Times-Star
1901 report concerning Rodkinson's daughter's efforts to promote his English Talmud edition
Dan, J. (1991). "A bow to Frumkinian Hasidism", Modern Judaism11, 175–93.
Alpert, Z. (1996). "The rogue chasid, Michael Levi Rodkinson", Chasidic Historical Review1(3), 28–30.
Heller, M. J. (2013). "'He should be called Sama’el': Michael Levi Rodkinson: The life and literary career of a Jewish scoundrel revisited". In Further Studies in the Making of the Early Hebrew Book (pp. 195–215). Brill.
Heller, M. J. (2013). "Deciphering the Talmud: The First English Edition of the Talmud Revisited. Michael Levi Rodkinson: His Translation of the Talmud, and the Ensuing Controversy." In Further Studies in the Making of the Early Hebrew Book (pp. 217-250). Brill.
Meir, J. (2016). Literary Hasidism: The Life and Works of Michael Levi Rodkinson. Syracuse University Press.