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Members Observers Dialogue Partners Observer applicants Disputed territories
The
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an international alliance that consists of 9 member states and 4 observers from
Eurasia . It was established on 26 April 1996 as the Shanghai Five .
In addition to the 9
member states and 3 observers, the SCO currently has 14 dialogue partners and 4 guest attendance entries.
Member states
Flag
Country
Capital
Largest city
Area(km2 )
Population (2016)
Density (/km2 )
GDP per cap. (PPP)
[1]
HDI
[2]
Currency
Official languages
Leaders
Accession
China
[a] People's Republic of China
Beijing
Shanghai (metropolitan area)
Chongqing (city proper)
9,640,011
[b]
a 1,374,820,000
139.6
13,224
0.727
Renminbi (Chinese yuan,
¥ ) (CNY)
Standard Chinese
[3] written in
simplified characters
[3] see also
languages of China
Head of State :
Xi Jinping
Head of Government :
Li Qiang
1996-04-26
Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan
Astana
Almaty
2,724,900
d 17,670,900
5.94
24,108
0.788
Kazakhstani tenge (₸) (KZT)
Kazakh (National)
Russian
Head of State and Government :
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (
Prime Minister :
Alihan Smaiylov )
1996-04-26
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Republic
Bishkek
199,900
f 6,008,600
27.4
3,262
0.655
Kyrgyzstani som (som) (KGS)
Kyrgyz (National)
Russian
Head of State and Government :
Sadyr Japarov (
Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers :
Akylbek Japarov )
1996-04-26
Russia Russian Federation
Moscow
17,075,400
b 146,519,759
8.3
24,449
0.798
Russian rouble (₽) (RUB)
Russian also see
Languages of Russia
Head of State :
Vladimir Putin
Head of Government :
Mikhail Mishustin
1996-04-26
Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan
Dushanbe
143,100
e 8,352,000
48.6
2,698
0.624
Tajikistani somoni (SM) (TJS)
Tajik Persian
Head of State and Government :
Emomali Rahmon (
Prime Minister :
Kokhir Rasulzoda )
1996-04-26
Uzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan
Tashkent
447,400
c 31,022,500
61.4
5,630
0.675
Uzbekistani soum (soum) (UZS)
Uzbek
Head of State and Government :
Shavkat Mirziyoyev (
Prime Minister :
Abdulla Aripov )
2001-06-15
India Republic of India
New Delhi
Mumbai
3,287,240
a 1,284,480,000
364.4
8,484
0.640
Indian rupee (
₹ ) (INR)
Hindi (
Devanagari script )&,
English . Also see
Languages of India
Head of State :
Droupadi Murmu
Head of Government :
Narendra Modi
2017-06-09
[4]
Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Islamabad
Karachi
796,095
b 192,779,818
214.3
4,749
0.538
Pakistani rupee (Rs) (PKR)
Urdu (National)
English
Head of State :
Arif Alvi
Head of Government :
Anwaar Kakar (caretaker)
2017-06-09
[4]
Iran Islamic Republic of Iran
Tehran
1,648,195
c 79,011,700
48.0
17,443
0.766
Iranian rial (Rl) (IRR)
Persian
Head of State :
Ali Khamenei
Head of Government :
Ebrahim Raisi
2023-07-04
[5]
Military personnel
The following list is sourced from the 2018 edition of "The Military Balance" published annually by the
International Institute for Strategic Studies .
Flag
Country
Active military
Reserve military
Paramilitary
Total
Per 1000 capita (total)
Per 1000 capita (active)
China
[6]
2,035,000
510,000
1,500,000
4,045,000
2.9
1.5
India
[7]
1,440,000
2,096,000
1,585,950
5,121,950
4
1.1
Iran
[8]
610,000
350,000
40,000
1,000,000
11.4
7
Kazakhstan
[9]
39,000
0
31,500
70,500
3.8
2.1
Kyrgyzstan
[10]
10,900
0
9,500
20,400
3.5
1.9
Pakistan
[11]
653,000
0
0
653,000
3.1
3.1
Russian Federation
[12]
[Note 1]
1,013,628
2,572,500
2,310,859
5,896,987
41.5
7.1
Tajikistan
[13]
8,800
0
7,500
16,300
1.9
1
Uzbekistan
[14]
48,000
0
20,000
68,000
2.3
1.6
Notes
^ The potential reserve personnel of Russia may be as high as 20 million, depending on how the figures are counted. However, an est. 2 million have seen military service within the last 5 years.
Observer states
Dialogue partner entries
Flag
Country
Capital
Area(km2 )
Population (2016)
Density (/km2 )
GDP per cap. (PPP)
[1]
HDI
[2]
Currency
Official languages
Leaders
Status gained
Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (Administrative)
Colombo (Commercial)
65,610
c 20,966,000
309.0
10,410
0.757
Sri Lankan rupee (Rs) (LKR)
Sinhalese
Tamil
Head of State and Government :
Ranil Wickremesinghe
(
Prime Minister :
Dinesh Gunawardena )
2009-06-16
Turkey Republic of Turkey
Ankara
783,562
c 78,741,053
102.0
19,698
0.761
Turkish lira (₺) (TRY)
Turkish
Head of State and Government :
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2012-06-07
Armenia Republic of Armenia
Yerevan
29,743
c 2,998,600
102.0
8,164
0.733
Armenian dram (֏) (AMD)
Armenian
Head of State :
Vahagn Khachaturyan
Head of Government :
Nikol Pashinyan
2015-07-10
Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan
Baku
86,600
c 9,696,800
109.0
17,761
0.751
Azerbaijani manat (₼) (AZN)
Azeri
Head of State :
Ilham Aliyev
Head of Government :
Ali Asadov
2015-07-10
Cambodia Kingdom of Cambodia
Phnom Penh
181,035
c 15,626,444
84.0
3,276
0.555
Cambodian riel (CR) (KHR)
Khmer
Head of State :
Norodom Sihamoni
Head of Government :
Hun Manet
2015-07-10
Nepal Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
Kathmandu
147,181
c 28,431,500
180.0
2,388
0.548
Nepalese rupee (Rs) (NPR)
Nepali
Head of State :
Ram Chandra Poudel
Head of Government :
Pushpa Kamal Dahal
2015-07-10
Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt
Cairo
1,010,408
c 94,798,827
103.56
16,980
0.731
Egyptian pound (LE) (EGP)
Arabic
Head of State :
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Head of Government :
Moustafa Madbouly
2022-09-14
Qatar State of Qatar
Doha
11,581
c 1,699,435
176
113,675
0.855
Qatari riyal (QAR)
Arabic
Head of State :
Tamim bin Hamad
Head of Government :
Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani
2022-09-14
Saudi Arabia Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Riyadh
2,149,690
c 38,401,000
15
67,019
0.875
Saudi riyal (SR) (SAR)
Arabic
Head of State :
Salman
Head of Government :
Mohammed bin Salman
2022-09-14
Kuwait State of Kuwait
Kuwait City
17,818
c 4,294,621
200.2
38,123
0.831
Kuwaiti dinar
Arabic
Head of State :
Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Head of Government :
Ahmad Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah
2023-05-06
Maldives Republic of Maldives
Malé
300
c 515,122
1,102.5
36,358
0.747
Maldivian rufiyaa (MVR)
Maldivian
Head of State and Government :
Ibrahim Mohamed Solih
2023-05-06
Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Naypyidaw
261,227
c 57,526,449
196.8
5,132
0.585
Myanmar Kyat (K) (MMK)
Burmese
Head of State :
Myint Swe (acting)
Head of Government :
Min Aung Hlaing
2023-05-06
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi
83,600
4,106,427
121
78,255
0.911
UAE dirham (AED)
Arabic
Head of State :
Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Head of Government :
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
2023-05-06
Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain
Manama
780
1,504,365
1,864
60,596
0.875
Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Arabic
Head of State :
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
Head of Government :
Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa
2023-07-15
[15]
[16]
Future participation
The following countries have applied for a position in the organization:
Flag
Country
Capital
Area(km2 )
Population (2016)
Density (/km2 )
GDP per cap. (PPP)
[1]
HDI
[2]
Currency
Official languages
Leaders
Status applied for
Year applied
East Timor Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Dili
14,874
c 1,340,513
78
3,637
0.607
United States dollar (USD)
Portuguese
Tetum
Head of State :
José Ramos-Horta
Head of Government :
Xanana Gusmão
Observer
2012
[17]
Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh
Dhaka
148,460
c 169,828,911
1,305
2,470
0.661
Bangladeshi taka (BDT)
Bengali
Head of State :
Mohammed Shahabuddin
Head of Government :
Sheikh Hasina
Observer
2012
[18]
Syria Syrian Arab Republic
Damascus
185,180
c 22,933,531
118.3
2,900
0.577
Syrian pound (SYP)
Arabic
Head of State and Government :
Bashar al-Assad
(
Prime Minister :
Hussein Arnous )
Dialogue Partner
2015
[c]
[19]
Israel State of Israel
Jerusalem
[d]
20,770
c 9,766,400
442
54,997
0.919
Israeli new shekel (ILS)
Hebrew
Head of State :
Isaac Herzog
Head of Government :
Benjamin Netanyahu
Dialogue Partner
2016
[19]
Iraq Republic of Iraq
Baghdad
438,317
c 43,500,000
82.7
12,141
0.686
Iraqi dinar (IQD)
Arabic
Head of State :
Abdul Latif Rashid
Head of Government :
Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani
Dialogue Partner
2019
[20]
Algeria People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
Algiers
2,381,741
c 44,700,000
17.7
13,324
0.745
Algerian dinar (DZD)
Arabic
Head of State :
Abdelmadjid Tebboune
Head of Government :
Aymen Benabderrahmane
Observer
2023
[21]
[22]
In 2012,
Ukraine expressed interest in obtaining observer status. However, since the deposition of President
Viktor Yanukovych and increased tensions with Russia, no application has been submitted and there are no current plans to incorporate Ukraine into the organization.
[23]
[24]
In 2011,
Vietnam expressed interest in obtaining observer or dialogue partner status. However, it is unknown whether or not, Vietnam has submitted an application.
[25]
Guest attendance entries
Inactive
Membership declined
The
United States applied for observer status in the SCO, but was rejected in 2005.
[27]
Notes
^ The sovereignty of China is disputed. Since the conclusion of the
Chinese Civil War , the
Republic of China (ROC) , which was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the
Xinhai Revolution , which succeeded the former
Qing dynasty 's territories on
mainland China , while the
islands of Taiwan and Penghu were under Japanese rule at the time. The ROC gained control over the latter after the
surrender of Japan in 1945, but soon lost its control of mainland to the communists due to the
Chinese Civil War . The ROC government was relocated to
Taipei in 7th December 1949 as its
provisional capital and retains actual rule over the islands of
Taiwan ,
Penghu ,
Kinmen , the
Matsu , and
other minor islands , all of which are collectively known as
"Free Area" or Taiwan Area in contrast to
Mainland China being under communist rule, thus making it a de facto island nation, and has become known colloquially as simply "Taiwan" due to the island of Taiwan forming the majority of the ROC-controlled territories; nonetheless, the ROC has not officially renounced its constitutional-defined territories which include areas effectively controlled by the
People's Republic of China ,
Mongolia ,
Tuva (a
Russian republic) etc. If claimed territories were taken into account, the ROC would not be a borderless country, nor a country centred around a major island. The ROC-controlled territories are also claimed by the People's Republic of China. Constitutionally, the
ROC on Taiwan still views itself as the continuation of former Chinese republic, with legitimate sovereignty over mainland China despite no actual control. See:
Political status of Taiwan ,
Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan ,
Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China ,
Two Chinas ,
One-China policy , and
Cross-strait relations .
^ The actual area under PRC control is 9,596,960.
^ Syria has initially applied for observer status, but "it was explained that first it is necessary to become a dialogue partner of the organization".
[19]
^ Jerusalem is the capital under Israeli law with a number of governmental institutions located there and is only recognized by the
United States ,
Kosovo ,
Guatemala and
Honduras . While Israel has sovereignty of
West Jerusalem , the international community considers
East Jerusalem as part of the
Palestinian territories under
Israeli occupation since 1967. Consequently, most of the foreign embassies reside in
Tel Aviv . See the
status of Jerusalem for further details.
See also
References
^
a
b
c
d
e at
purchasing power parity, per capita , in
international dollars (rounded IMF 2012)
^
a
b
c
d
e at
Human Development Index (New 2013 Estimates for 2012)
^
a
b
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)
^
a
b Bhattacherjee, Kallol (9 June 2017).
"India, Pakistan become full members of SCO" . The Hindu . Retrieved 19 September 2021 .
^
"Iran joins SCO, the China-founded regional security grouping" . Al Arabiya English . 2023-07-04. Retrieved 2023-07-04 .
^
IISS 2018 , pp. 249-250
^
IISS 2018 , pp. 260
^
IISS 2018 , pp. 260
^
IISS 2018 , pp. 188
^
IISS 2018 , pp. 190
^
IISS 2018 , pp. 291
^
IISS 2018 , pp. 192
^
IISS 2018 , pp. 207
^
IISS 2018 , pp. 214
^
https://www.bna.bh/en/BahraingrantedthestatusofSCOdialoguepartner.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDlDCMEcGKMPY4rKOqGpdTL4%3D#:~:text=Shanghai%2C%20July%2015%20(BNA)%3A,People's%20Republic%20of%20China%20Dr .
^
http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html
^
"Azerbaijan asks to join a new alliance of China and Russia" .
^ |url=
https://arab.news/5c83v
^
a
b
c
"Syria, Israel, Egypt willing to join SCO's activity – president's special envoy" .
Interfax . 23 June 2016. Archived from
the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016 .
^
" 'SCO family' widening? Many candidates share 'Shanghai spirit', but expansion not a goal" .
TASS . 5 September 2019.
Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2022 .
^
"Algeria Submits an Application to Join the SCO" . Echorouk . 21 June 2023.
^
"L'Algérie veut intégrer le capital de la banque des BRICS et l'organisation de Shanghai" . L'Algérie Audjourd'hui . 21 June 2023.
^
"Yanukovych Tells Putin Kyiv Wants SCO Observer Status" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2022 .
^ Grigoryan, Gurgen (8 October 2012).
"Why Ukraine wants to become SCO's partner" . InfoSCO . Retrieved 6 August 2022 .
^ Radyuhin, Vladimir (2 December 2011).
"Vietnam bids to join SCO" .
The Hindu . Moscow. Retrieved 6 August 2022 .
^ Seiwert, Eva (30 September 2021).
"The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Will Not Fill Any Vacuum in Afghanistan" .
Foreign Policy Research Institute . Retrieved 24 July 2022 .
^ Hiro, Dilip (16 June 2006).
"Shanghai surprise: The summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation reveals how power is shifting in the world" . The Guardian .
Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2019 .
Bibliography
Summits
Member states Observer states Dialogue partners Guests Applicants See also