Megaloceros (from
Greek: μεγαλοςmegalos + κεραςkeras, literally "Great Horn"; see also Lister (1987)) is an
extinctgenus of
deer whose members lived throughout
Eurasia from the
Pleistocene to the early
Holocene. The
type and only undisputed member of the genus, Megaloceros giganteus, vernacularly known as the "Irish elk" or "giant deer", is also the best known.
Fallow deer are thought to be their closest living relatives.[1][2][3]Megaloceros is thought to be closely related to the East Asian genus Sinomegaceros, as well as possibly other extinct genera of "giant deer".
Taxonomy
Other than the type species Megaloceros giganteus, the composition of the genus is contested.[4][5][6] While considered to be part of the genus Megaloceros by many authors,[7]M. savini and related taxa (novocarthaginiensis and matritensis) are split into the separate genus Praedama by some scholars.[4][5][8]
Megaloceros has often been placed in the tribe Megacerini, alongside other "giant deer" genera like Sinomegaceros and Praemegaceros, though the taxonomy regarding giant deer as whole is uncertain and contested.[4] A close relationship with Sinomegaceros has been supported by
mitochondrial DNA, which found that the mitochondrial sequences of M. giganteus are nested within those of Sinomegaceros, suggesting that the two lineages interbred with each other after the initial split between them, with all mitochondrial genomes of Sinomegaceros more closely related to those of M. giganteus than to their closest living relative Dama.[9]
Relationships of Megaloceros mitochondrial genomes, after Xiao et al. 2023.[9]
Described from the latest Early Pleistocene 0.9-0.8 Ma of Cueva Victoria in Spain. Known from antlers, teeth and postcranial material. Related and possibly ancestral to M. savini[6]
M. savini
Middle Pleistocene European species[4], with a temporal range spanning approximately 750-450,000 years ago,[7] slightly larger than a
caribou/reindeer, first fossils found near
Sainte Savine,
France and near
Soria,
Spain. Its antlers were straight, with thorn-like prongs. The lowermost prongs near the base were palmate. Has been suggested to comprise the separate genus Praedama.
It is suggested to have been a mixed feeder or grazer.[10]
Mid-Pleistocene species, lived around 300-400 ka near present-day Madrid, Spain, being contemporary with M. giganteus. The species had enlarged premolars, very thick molar enamel, and a low mandibular condyle. The species itself formed part of the diet of people which lived in the area. M. matritensis fossils are found associated to stone tools of late
Acheulean and early
Mousterian type. The species is thought to be descended from M. savini
Largest, best known, and among the last species of the genus that stands about 2 m (6.6 ft) at the shoulders. Lived throughout
Eurasia, from
Ireland to Siberia during the late Middle Pleistocene to early Holocene.
Megaceroides algericus from the Late Pleistocene to Holocene of North Africa has been considered to be closely related and possibly derived from Megaloceros by some authors.[11]
"M". stravpolensis from the Early Pleistocene of Southwestern Russia[12] has been subsequently suggested to belong to Arvernoceros.[5][7]
References
^Lister, A. M., Edwards, C. J., Nock, D. A. W., Bunce, M., van Pijlen, I. A., Bradley, D. G., Thomas, M. G. & Barnes, I. 2005. The phylogenetic position of the 'giant deer' Megaloceros giganteus. Nature 438, 850-853.
^Mennecart, B., deMiguel, D., Bibi, F., Rössner, G. E., Métais, G., Neenan, J. M., Wang, S., Schulz, G., Müller, B. & Costeur, L. 2017. Bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer. Scientific Reports 7: 13176.
^Gonzalez, S., Kitchener, A. C. & Lister, A. M. 2000. Survival of the Irish elk into the
Holocene. Nature 405, 753-754.
^
abMade, J. van der (2015). "The latest Early Pleistocene giant deer Megaloceros novocarthaginiensis n. sp. and the fallow deer "Dama df. vallonnetensis" from Cueva Victoria (Murcia, Spain)". Mastia. 11–13: 269–323.
S2CID44675184.
^Titov, V. V.; Shvyreva, A. K. (January 2016). "Deer of the genus Megaloceros (Mammalia, Cervidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Ciscaucasia". Paleontological Journal. 50 (1): 87–95.
doi:
10.1134/S0031030116010111.
ISSN0031-0301.
S2CID131336166.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Megaloceros.
Lister, A.M. (1987): Megaceros or Megaloceros? The nomenclature of the giant deer. Quaternary Newsletter52: 14–16.
Lister, A.M.; Edwards, C.J.; Nock, D.A.; Bunce, M.; van Pijlen, I.A.; Bradley, D.G.; Thomas, M.G. & Barnes, I. (2005): Lister, A. M.; Edwards, C. J.; Nock, D. A. W.; Bunce, M.; Van Pijlen, I. A.; Bradley, D. G.; Thomas, M. G.; Barnes, I. (2005). "The phylogenetic position of the 'giant deer' Megaloceros giganteus". Nature. 438 (7069): 850–853.
Bibcode:
2005Natur.438..850L.
doi:
10.1038/nature04134.
PMID16148942.
S2CID4396326.