Following the successful insertion of the
Mars Orbiter Mission (also called Mangalyaan) into Martian orbit, ISRO announced its intent to launch a second mission to Mars at the Engineers Conclave conference held in Bengaluru on 28 October 2014.[10] The proposed launch vehicle for this campaign is the
LVM3, which flew for the first time on 5 June 2017, and might be powerful enough to place MOM on a direct-to-Mars trajectory alongside much heavier satellites, unlike the lighter Mars Orbiter Mission, which used a less powerful
PSLV XL rocket.[11]
In January 2016, India and France signed a letter of intent for ISRO and
CNES to jointly build MOM 2 by 2020,[12] but by April 2018, France was not yet involved in the mission.[13] The Indian government funded MOM 2 in its 2017 budget proposal, and ISRO was considering whether the best path would be to conduct an
orbiter/
lander/
rover mission or to opt for only an orbiter with more sophisticated instruments than those flown on MOM.[9] In a podcast recording,
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre director
S. Somanath in October 2019 reported the architecture for mission was yet to be finalized and may also have a lander and rover, but no timeline was announced.[2]
In February 2021, ISRO called for an 'Announcement of Opportunities' on MOM 2. In it, K. Sivan announced that Mangalyaan 2 will only be an orbiter mission.[14][15] Being launched by the LVM3 rocket ( formerly the GSLV mk III ), and using Aerobraking the MOM-2 satellite can carry more than 7 times the payload for MOM-1, also with a reduction in perigee to about 200 kms above the surface of Mars.[16]
Development
An Announcement of Opportunity was released requesting submissions for scientific instruments for an orbiter only, with a deadline set for 20 September 2016.[17][18] The total science payload mass is estimated at 100 kg (220 lb).[1]
One of the science payloads under development is an
ionosphereplasma instrument named ARIS. It is being developed by Space Satellite Systems and Payloads Centre (SSPACE), which is part of the
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST). The engineering model and high vacuum test have been completed.[19]
In a panel discussion in September 2022, it was told that mission would include a
hyperspectral camera, a very high resolution
panchromatic camera and a radar to better understand the early stages of Mars, its early crust, recent basalts, and ongoing activities such as boulder falls.[20]
Payloads
The mission will consist of four main payloads. [21]
Mars Orbit Dust Experiment (MODEX): It will measure the origin, abundance, distribution, and flux at high altitudes on
Mars. There are no measurements of Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs) at Mars. The instrument can detect particles of size from a few hundred nm to few µm, travelling at hypervelocity (> 1 km/s). The outcomes can help explain the dust flux at Mars, whether there is any
ring (as hypothesized) around Mars and also confirm whether the dust is interplanetary or coming from
Phobos or
Deimos.
Radio Occultation experiment (RO): It will measure neutral and electron Density profiles. The MODEX can help explain the RO experiment results. The instrument is a
microwavetransmitter operating at
X-band frequency that can help understand the behaviour of the
Martian atmosphere.
Energetic Iron Spectrometer (EIS): It will study the solar energy particles and Supra-thermal
solar winds on Mars. The data will be useful to understand the loss of
Martian atmosphere.
Langmuir probe and Electric Field Experiment (LPEX): It will measure the electron number, density, electron temperature and electric field waves. This experiment consists of one Langmuir probe (LP) and two electric field (EF) sensors each mounted on a long boom.
^Haider, Syed A.; et al. (2018).
"Indian Mars and Venus Missions: Science and Exploration"(PDF). Scientific Assembly Abstracts. 42rd Committee on Space Research Scientific Assembly. 14–22 July 2018. Pasadena, California. p. 432. B4.1-0010-18. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018.{{
cite conference}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link)
^Neeraj Srivastava; S. Vijayan; Amit Basu Sarbadhikari (27 September 2022), "Future Exploration of the Inner Solar System: Scope and the Focus Areas", Planetary Sciences Division (PSDN),
Physical Research Laboratory – via ISRO Facebook Panel Discussion, Mars Orbiter Mission National Meet