Blakeley (1820) in Jefferson County was built by George Washington's great-nephew, John Augustine Washington II.
Plantations that operated within the present-day boundaries of West Virginia were located in the counties of the
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians and in the
Kanawha and
Ohio River valley regions. Beginning in the mid-to-late 18th century, members of the Washington family and other prominent
Virginia families began to build elegant
Georgian mansions on their plantations in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians region of present-day
West Virginia .
[1] Plantations initially developed in the counties lying within the
Northern Neck Proprietary of
Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron within the
Shenandoah Valley and
South Branch Potomac River valleys.
[2]
Slavery as practiced through
plantations in the American South was carried over from the plantations of the
Piedmont and
Tidewater regions of Virginia, where plantations had become the foundation of society and industry.
[2] Following the
French and Indian War , settlement and agricultural development continued unabated in the Shenandoah and South Branch Potomac valleys.
[3] Early instances of western Virginia plantations with grand homes include the
John Ariss -designed
Harewood (1774) for
George Washington 's brother
Samuel Washington and
Happy Retreat (1780) built by Washington's younger brother
Charles Washington , both of which are located near
Charles Town in present-day
Jefferson County .
[4]
[5]
[6] In
Hampshire County , Nicholas Casey constructed a Georgian mansion (1774) at his
Wappocomo plantation, one of the first plantation houses of its kind in the South Branch Potomac River valley.
[7]
Plantations continued to develop along the fringes of present-day West Virginia. By the close of the 18th century,
Harman Blennerhassett had constructed a
mansion on his plantation on
Blennerhassett Island and Moses Shepherd had built
Shepherd Hall near
Wheeling , both in the
Ohio River valley.
[4] Despite the agricultural development of then western Virginia's bottomlands and the resulting wealth of the plantation owners, the hinterlands of the
Allegheny Mountains and
Allegheny Plateau regions remained underpopulated and inhabited by subsistence farmers of meager means into the middle of the 19th century.
[4] By the
1860 United States Census ,
Berkeley ,
Greenbrier ,
Hampshire ,
Hardy ,
Jefferson ,
Kanawha , and
Monroe counties consequently had the largest populations of
slaves in present-day West Virginia.
[8]
The economic and political differences between western and eastern Virginia began to grow. Following Virginia's secession from the
Union in 1861, the
Restored Government of Virginia was established at Wheeling during the
American Civil War .
[9] Despite West Virginia receiving Union statehood on June 20, 1863, sympathies and loyalties within the state's borders remained divided, especially within areas economically dependent upon the plantation system.
[9] However, slaveowners in western Virginia tended to own fewer slaves than their counterparts in eastern Virginia and many did not support Virginia's secession.
[10] In
Mason County , where small farms were reliant upon slavery, its residents overwhelmingly supported the Union cause.
[9] During the war, many plantations in West Virginia served as preferred venues for military headquarters and meeting places for both
Union and
Confederate military officers due to their adequate accommodations and resources.
Altona near Charles Town was utilized as a military headquarters and meeting place for Union generals
Philip Sheridan and
Ulysses S. Grant , with Sheridan making use of the farm's horses and carriage.
[11] Other plantations, like
Mill Island and
Willow Wall near
Moorefield , and
Elmwood near
Shepherdstown , were utilized as hospitals for wounded soldiers and
irregulars .
[12]
[13]
[14]
In anticipation of the passage of the
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the
West Virginia Legislature at Wheeling passed an act abolishing slavery in West Virginia on February 3, 1865, thus ending the institution of the plantation in West Virginia.
[15] Since the 1960s, many of West Virginia's plantation houses have acquired places on the
National Register of Historic Places , the
United States government 's official list of sites, buildings, and structures deemed worthy of preservation. The house at
Traveller's Rest , near
Kearneysville , is West Virginia's sole plantation house designated as a
National Historic Landmark for its national-level historical significance. As of 2015, the majority of West Virginia's plantation houses remain under private ownership.
Key
Plantations
NRHP reference number
[16]
Name
Image
Date designated
[16]
Locality
[16]
County
[16]
03000346†
Christian Allemong House
[17]
May 2, 2003
Summit Point
39°14′14″N 77°58′43″W / 39.23722°N 77.97861°W / 39.23722; -77.97861 (Allemong, Christian, House )
Jefferson
95001322†
Altona
[11]
November 24, 1995
Charles Town
39°17′24″N 77°52′57″W / 39.29000°N 77.88250°W / 39.29000; -77.88250 (Altona )
Jefferson
80004024†
Aspen Hill
[18]
March 13, 1980
Charles Town
39°19′18″N 77°51′44″W / 39.32167°N 77.86222°W / 39.32167; -77.86222 (Aspen Hill )
Jefferson
07000241†
Barleywood
[3]
May 24, 2007
Charles Town
39°18′54″N 77°54′42″W / 39.31500°N 77.91167°W / 39.31500; -77.91167 (Barleywood )
Jefferson
73001914†
Beall-Air
[19]
August 17, 1973
Halltown
39°18′55″N 77°48′44″W / 39.31528°N 77.81222°W / 39.31528; -77.81222 (Beall-Air )
Jefferson
84003588†
Belvedere
[20]
January 12, 1984
Charles Town
39°17′5″N 77°50′43″W / 39.28472°N 77.84528°W / 39.28472; -77.84528 (Belvedere )
Jefferson
87000486†
Beverley
[21]
March 20, 1987
Charles Town
39°15′3″N 77°53′34″W / 39.25083°N 77.89278°W / 39.25083; -77.89278 (Beverley )
Jefferson
82004319†
Blakeley
[22]
April 15, 1982
Charles Town
39°15′36″N 77°54′22″W / 39.26000°N 77.90611°W / 39.26000; -77.90611 (Blakeley )
Jefferson
72001294‡
Blennerhassett Island
[23]
September 7, 1972
Blennerhassett Island
39°16′19″N 81°37′29″W / 39.27194°N 81.62472°W / 39.27194; -81.62472 (Blennerhassett Island )
Wood
99001397‡
Boidstones Place
[24]
November 22, 1999
Shepherdstown
39°28′11″N 77°48′6″W / 39.46972°N 77.80167°W / 39.46972; -77.80167 (Boidstones Place )
Jefferson
82004321†
The Bower
[25]
April 15, 1982
Leetown
39°21′54″N 77°57′27″W / 39.36500°N 77.95750°W / 39.36500; -77.95750 (The Bower )
Jefferson
The Burg
[26]
Mechanicsburg
39°20′8.84″N 78°48′32.78″W / 39.3357889°N 78.8091056°W / 39.3357889; -78.8091056 (The Burg )
Hampshire
74002004†
Cedar Lawn
[27]
December 4, 1974
Charles Town
39°17′6″N 77°55′22″W / 39.28500°N 77.92278°W / 39.28500; -77.92278 (Cedar Lawn )
Jefferson
73001908†
Claymont Court
[28]
July 25, 1973
Charles Town
39°16′7″N 77°54′21″W / 39.26861°N 77.90583°W / 39.26861; -77.90583 (Claymont Court )
Jefferson
73001917†
Cold Spring
[29]
August 14, 1973
Shepherdstown
39°23′48″N 77°49′5″W / 39.39667°N 77.81806°W / 39.39667; -77.81806 (Cold Spring )
Jefferson
07000239†
Cool Spring
[30]
March 27, 2007
Charles Town
39°14′44″N 77°55′55″W / 39.24556°N 77.93194°W / 39.24556; -77.93194 (Cool Spring )
Jefferson
94001292†
Cool Spring
[31]
November 21, 1994
Gerrardstown
39°19′53″N 78°06′23″W / 39.33139°N 78.10639°W / 39.33139; -78.10639 (Cool Spring )
Berkeley
80004431†
Edgewood
[32]
December 10, 1980
Bunker Hill
39°19′49″N 78°3′29″W / 39.33028°N 78.05806°W / 39.33028; -78.05806 (Edgewood )
Berkeley
73001918†
Elmwood
[14]
August 17, 1973
Shepherdstown
39°23′50″N 77°48′50″W / 39.39722°N 77.81389°W / 39.39722; -77.81389 (Elmwood )
Jefferson
76001942†
Elmwood
[33]
May 13, 1976
Union
37°35′44″N 80°32′23″W / 37.59556°N 80.53972°W / 37.59556; -80.53972 (Elmwood )
Monroe
73001918‡
Fort Hill
[34]
January 9, 1997
Burlington
39°18′37″N 78°56′8″W / 39.31028°N 78.93556°W / 39.31028; -78.93556 (Fort Hill )
Mineral
78002791†
Green Bottom
[35]
May 22, 1978
Lesage
38°35′12″N 82°14′58″W / 38.58667°N 82.24944°W / 38.58667; -82.24944 (Lesage )
Cabell
88002956‡
Samuel Gwinn Plantation
[36]
March 8, 1989
Lowell
37°38′55″N 80°43′35″W / 37.64861°N 80.72639°W / 37.64861; -80.72639 (Gwinn, Samuel, Plantation )
Summers
73001912†
Happy Retreat
[5]
July 2, 1973
Charles Town
39°16′56″N 77°51′35″W / 39.28222°N 77.85972°W / 39.28222; -77.85972 (Washington, Charles, House )
Jefferson
73001909†
Harewood
[6]
March 14, 1973
Charles Town
39°18′9″N 77°55′11″W / 39.30250°N 77.91972°W / 39.30250; -77.91972 (Harewood )
Jefferson
76001938†
Hazelfield
[37]
December 12, 1976
Shenandoah Junction
39°22′25″N 77°51′36″W / 39.37361°N 77.86000°W / 39.37361; -77.86000 (Hazelfield )
Jefferson
86000811‡
Henderson Hall
[38]
April 17, 1986
Williamstown
39°22′40″N 81°28′58″W / 39.37778°N 81.48278°W / 39.37778; -81.48278 (Williamstown )
Wood
11000556†
Hickory Grove
[39]
[40]
August 18, 2011
Romney
39°19′29″N 78°46′50″W / 39.32472°N 78.78056°W / 39.32472; -78.78056 (Hickory Grove )
Hampshire
85003521†
Hillside
[41]
December 12, 1985
Charles Town
39°15′47″N 77°52′5″W / 39.26306°N 77.86806°W / 39.26306; -77.86806 (Hillside )
Jefferson
74002007†
Holly Grove
[42]
August 28, 1974
Charleston
38°20′11″N 81°36′56″W / 38.33639°N 81.61556°W / 38.33639; -81.61556 (Holly Grove )
Kanawha
94000214†
Hopewell
[43]
March 25, 1994
Millville
39°16′4″N 77°47′36″W / 39.26778°N 77.79333°W / 39.26778; -77.79333 (Hopewell )
Jefferson
84003476†
Lick Run Plantation
[44]
January 12, 1984
Bedington
39°31′10″N 77°54′2″W / 39.51944°N 77.90056°W / 39.51944; -77.90056 (Lick Run Plantation )
Berkeley
84003623†
Longmeadow/The Holmwood
[45]
August 23, 1984
Southside
38°42′11″N 81°58′4″W / 38.70306°N 81.96778°W / 38.70306; -81.96778 (Couch-Artrip House )
Mason
91000452‡
Lynnside Manor
[46]
April 26, 1991
Sweet Springs
37°32′42″N 80°41′14″W / 37.54500°N 80.68722°W / 37.54500; -80.68722 (Lynnside Manor )
Monroe
80004408‡
Maidstone Manor
[47]
December 10, 1980
Hedgesville
39°35′14″N 77°54′32″W / 39.58722°N 77.90889°W / 39.58722; -77.90889 (Maidstone Manor Farm )
Berkeley
04000311†
Maidstone-on-the-Potomac
[48]
April 15, 2004
Falling Waters
39°35′59″N 77°50′21″W / 39.59972°N 77.83917°W / 39.59972; -77.83917 (Maidstone-on-the-Potomac )
Berkeley
75001886†
The Manor
[49]
December 18, 1975
Petersburg
39°0′36″N 79°7′40″W / 39.01000°N 79.12778°W / 39.01000; -79.12778 (The Manor )
Grant
93000616†
Media
[50]
November 10, 1994
Shenandoah Junction
39°19′46″N 77°50′32″W / 39.32944°N 77.84222°W / 39.32944; -77.84222 (Media Farm )
Jefferson
73001904†
Mill Island
[12]
July 2, 1973
Moorefield
39°2′22″N 78°57′38″W / 39.03944°N 78.96056°W / 39.03944; -78.96056 (Mill Island )
Hardy
75001888†
Montescena
[51]
November 12, 1975
Lewisburg
37°46′14″N 80°28′33″W / 37.77056°N 80.47583°W / 37.77056; -80.47583 (Montescena )
Greenbrier
73001916†
Prato Rio
[52]
April 11, 1973
Leetown
39°20′49″N 77°56′12″W / 39.34694°N 77.93667°W / 39.34694; -77.93667 (Prato Rio )
Jefferson
73001911†
Richwood Hall
[53]
June 19, 1973
Charles Town
39°17′32″N 77°55′51″W / 39.29222°N 77.93083°W / 39.29222; -77.93083 (Richwood Hall )
Jefferson
01001328‡
Ridgedale
[54]
[55]
November 29, 2001
Springfield
39°24′49″N 78°44′19″W / 39.41361°N 78.73861°W / 39.41361; -78.73861 (Washington Bottom Farm )
Hampshire
82004320†
Rion Hall
[56]
September 20, 1982
Halltown
39°18′4″N 77°49′2″W / 39.30111°N 77.81722°W / 39.30111; -77.81722 (Rion Hall )
Jefferson
89002316‡
Rockland
[57]
February 5, 1990
Shepherdstown
39°24′30″N 77°51′29″W / 39.40833°N 77.85806°W / 39.40833; -77.85806 (Rockland )
Jefferson
84003500†
Rural Hill
[58]
January 12, 1984
Hedgesville
39°30′55″N 78°0′5″W / 39.51528°N 78.00139°W / 39.51528; -78.00139 (Edward Tabb House )
Berkeley
78002791†
Shepherd Hall
[59]
December 18, 1970
Wheeling
40°2′33″N 80°39′33″W / 40.04250°N 80.65917°W / 40.04250; -80.65917 (Wheeling )
Ohio
95000418†
Snow Hill
[60]
April 14, 1995
Leetown
39°20′7″N 77°54′30″W / 39.33528°N 77.90833°W / 39.33528; -77.90833 (Jefferson County Alms House )
Jefferson
80004021†
Sycamore Dale
[61]
[62]
December 2, 1980
Romney
39°20′15″N 78°46′24″W / 39.33750°N 78.77333°W / 39.33750; -78.77333 (Sycamore Dale )
Hampshire
72001288*
Traveller's Rest
[63]
November 15, 1972
Kearneysville
39°23′17.3″N 77°54′04.3″W / 39.388139°N 77.901194°W / 39.388139; -77.901194 (Traveller's Rest )
Jefferson
12001050†
Valley View
[64]
[65]
December 12, 2012
Romney
39°21′23.4″N 78°45′35.25″W / 39.356500°N 78.7597917°W / 39.356500; -78.7597917 (Valley View )
Hampshire
84003594†
Vinton
[66]
January 12, 1984
Charles Town
39°16′8″N 77°51′38″W / 39.26889°N 77.86056°W / 39.26889; -77.86056 (Jacks-Manning Farm )
Jefferson
77001378†
Walnut Grove
[67]
August 22, 1977
Union
37°36′9″N 80°32′29″W / 37.60250°N 80.54139°W / 37.60250; -80.54139 (Walnut Grove )
Monroe
Wappocomo
[7]
Romney
39°21′37.24″N 78°45′10.21″W / 39.3603444°N 78.7528361°W / 39.3603444; -78.7528361 (Wappocomo )
Hampshire
73001906†
Willow Wall
[13]
July 2, 1973
Old Fields
39°7′40″N 78°57′56″W / 39.12778°N 78.96556°W / 39.12778; -78.96556 (Willow Wall )
Hardy
93001358†
Willowbrook
[68]
December 2, 1993
Union
37°34′30″N 80°32′19″W / 37.57500°N 80.53861°W / 37.57500; -80.53861 (Byrnside-Beirne-Johnson House )
Monroe
00000254†
Woodlawn
[69]
March 24, 2000
Kearneysville
39°20′21″N 77°53′07″W / 39.33917°N 77.88528°W / 39.33917; -77.88528 (Woodlawn )
Jefferson
06000654†
York Hill
[70]
July 26, 2006
Shenandoah Junction
39°22′36″N 77°50′47″W / 39.37667°N 77.84639°W / 39.37667; -77.84639 (York Hill )
Jefferson
See also
References
^
Chambers 2004 , pp. 20–21.
^
a
b
Ambler 1910 , p. 8.
^
a
b Wallace, Edie; Reed, Paula S. (August 2006).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Barleywood" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^
a
b
c
Chambers 2004 , p. 21.
^
a
b McGee, Ted (March 9, 1973).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Happy Retreat" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^
a
b Snell, Charles W. (August 1, 1972).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Harewood" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^
a
b
Brannon 1976 , pp. 313–316.
^
Kennedy 1864 , pp. 516–518.
^
a
b
c
Chambers 2004 , pp. 26–27.
^ Burleyson, Eric; Weiblen, Kirsten; Riebe, Erin (April 2004).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Captain David Pugh House" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on October 3, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^
a
b Ehman, Jean Crolius (July 13, 1995).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Altona" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 24, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^
a
b Snider, Nancy (August 1972).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Mill Island" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on October 3, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^
a
b Snider, Nancy (August 1972).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Willow Wall" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on October 3, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^
a
b McGee, Ted (March 9, 1973).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Elmwood" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ West Virginia Archives and History, West Virginia Division of Culture and History (2013).
"On This Day in West Virginia History: February 3" . West Virginia Archives and History, West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^
a
b
c
d
"National Register Information System" .
National Register of Historic Places .
National Park Service . July 9, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Owens, Valarie; Dunkum, Mike; Murdock, Jennifer W. (January 18, 2003).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Christian Allemong House" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on March 9, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Harding, James E. (October 27, 1979).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Aspen Hill" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on January 3, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ McGee, Ted (April 5, 1973).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Beall-Air" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Pauley, Michael J.; Marshall, Paul D. (November 18, 1983).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Belvedere" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Pauley, Michael J. (August 1986).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Beverley" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Pauley, Michael J. (January 20, 1980).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Blakeley" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Hershman, Marlene (May 1982).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Blennerhassett Island Historic Area" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on October 5, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Hyman, Elizabeth H.; Pogany, Erin; Jourdan, Katherine (September 10, 1999).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Boidstones Place" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on March 9, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Pauley, Michael J. (November 1, 1981).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: The Bower" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^
Brannon 1976 , pp. 406–408.
^ McGee, Ted (April 1973).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Cedar Lawn" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ McGee, Ted (October 6, 1972).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Claymont Court" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ McGee, Ted (March 9, 1973).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Cold Spring" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Reed, Paula S.; Wallace, Edie (August 2006).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Cool Spring" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Gioulis, Michael; Wood, Don C. (April 30, 1994).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Cool Spring" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on March 9, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Wood, Don C. (1980).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Edgewood" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Turley, C. E. (May 1975).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Elmwood" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2017 .
^ McPherson, Beth Ann; Pierce, Susan M. (September 20, 1996).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Fort Hill" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Harding, James E. (October 27, 1977).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Green Bottom" (PDF) .
United States Department of the Interior ,
National Park Service , West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from
the original (PDF) on October 2, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
^ Schmauss, David C. (July 28, 1988).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Samuel Gwinn Plantation" (PDF) .
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Bibliography
External links
Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States
The plantation Cash crops Slavery Other labor
Lists of plantations