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Satellite image of the most recent Atlantic off-season system, an unnamed subtropical storm on January 16, 2023

An off-season Atlantic hurricane is a tropical or subtropical cyclone that existed in the Atlantic basin outside of the official Atlantic hurricane season. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently defines the season as occurring between June 1 and November 30 each calendar year, which is when 97% of all Atlantic tropical cyclones occur. [1] Peak activity is known to be between August and October. [1] [2] Between 1938, when the United States Weather Bureau began issuing tropical cyclone warnings as a collaborative observation network for cities along the U.S. coastline, and 1963, the season was defined between June 15 and November 15. [3] In 1964, the season was extended to begin on June 1 and end on November 30, [2] which remains the official length of the season.

As of 2023, there have been 92 off-season cyclones recorded in the official Atlantic hurricane database, which dates back to 1851. In addition, six earlier such storms have been documented, but are not part of the database. The first off-season storm in the database was an 1865 storm that developed in the Caribbean Sea; an earlier documented 1863 hurricane is not part of the database. The most recent off-season system was an unnamed January subtropical storm in 2023.

Background

Tracks of all known storms that formed during the off-season between 1851 and 2023.

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, with approximately 60% of such storms occurring during that month. Off-season cyclones are most likely to develop in the central to western Atlantic Ocean, and most do not make landfall. Of the storms that have, a tropical storm in 1948 that struck the Dominican Republic, killing 80 people in the Dominican Republic, was the deadliest. [4] However, the unofficial hurricane in 1863 killed 110 people, in a shipwreck off Florida and on land. That same storm was estimated to have reached winds of 105 mph (169 km/h), making it the strongest hurricane between December and May; the strongest currently in the official database was a March hurricane in 1908 that reached winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). In addition, the strongest off-season cyclone to make landfall in the United States was Tropical Storm Beryl in May of 2012, which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds. [5] Hurricane Alice was the only one of the cyclones to strike land as a hurricane, doing so to islands in the northern Lesser Antilles; it caused locally heavy rainfall and moderate damage. [6] Of all cyclones during the off-season, Hurricane Lili in 1984 lasted the longest, for a total of 12 days. In 2005, Hurricane Epsilon maintained hurricane status for five days, longer than any other storm in December; the previous record was two and a half days, set by Hurricane Lili.

The year with the most off-season storms was 1887, with a total of five existing in the off-season. The 1951 season had four, one of which a depression. Several others had three tropical cyclones, of which only 2003 had three tropical storms. The 1908 and 1951 seasons were the only ones with two hurricanes forming in the off-season. In eight seasons, there were storms both prior to the start of the season as well as after the season ended, those being 1887, 1911, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1970, 2003, and 2007; all but 1911 had tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm status before and after the season. [7] [8] The longest streak of consecutive years featuring at least one pre-season storm was seven, from 2015 through 2021.

Chronology

Radar image of a hurricane near the Lesser Antilles. The storm features a well-defined, clear eye surrounded by a mass of intense convection. Rotating feeder bands, curving into the system, are present around the entire hurricane.
Radar image of Hurricane Alice in 1955, the first recorded North Atlantic hurricane to span two calendar years.

Tropical cyclones have been named in the Atlantic since the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, and subtropical cyclones have been recognized in HURDAT since 1968. The National Hurricane Center issues names for tropical and subtropical cyclones once their winds reach 39 mph (63 km/h). Before 1950, storms were numbered based on their appearance in the Atlantic hurricane database; tropical depressions were unnumbered. [7] [8] [9] Storms before 1851 are unofficial and are not part of the official Atlantic hurricane best track. [10] In addition, a hurricane from May 1863, labeled "Amanda", is included after being rediscovered in 2013. [11]

The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds, and the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure; tropical cyclones listed with N/A under pressure indicates there is no known estimated pressure. For deaths, "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities; death tolls listed as "several" mean there were fatalities reported, but an exact total is unavailable. For both deaths and damage, N/A refers to no known total, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
( USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
Unnamed May 23–24, 1771 Tropical storm ≥40 mph (64 km/h) Not specified Cuba N/A None [10]
Unnamed May 25–26, 1779 Tropical storm ≥40 mph (64 km/h) Not specified Cuba N/A None [10]
Unnamed May 28, 1794 Tropical storm ≥40 mph (64 km/h) Not specified Cuba N/A None [10]
Unnamed December 13–22, 1822 Category 1 hurricane ≥75 mph (121 km/h) Not specified Eastern Caribbean Sea N/A None [10]
Unnamed May 28 – June 5, 1825 ≥Category 1 hurricane ≥75 mph (121 km/h) Not specified Cuba, United States East Coast N/A 7 [10] [12]
Unnamed May 20–21, 1838 Tropical storm ≥40 mph (64 km/h) Not specified Jamaica N/A None [10]
"Amanda" May 24–29, 1863 Category 2 hurricane 105 mph (169 km/h) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Florida N/A 110 [11]
#1 May 30, 1865 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) Not specified Caribbean Sea N/A None [7]
#12 November 25 – December 2, 1878 Tropical storm 70 mph (110 km/h) Not specified Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica N/A None [7]
#1 May 15–18, 1887 Tropical storm 70 mph (110 km/h) ≤997 hPa (29.44 inHg) Atlantic Canada N/A None [8]
#2 May 17–21, 1887 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) ≤1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas N/A None [8]
#17 November 27 – December 4, 1887 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) Not specified Bahamas N/A None [8]
#18 December 4–8, 1887 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) Not specified Central Atlantic Ocean N/A None [8]
#19 December 7–12, 1887 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) Not specified Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Nicaragua N/A None [8]
#1 May 16–21, 1889 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) Not specified Western Atlantic Ocean N/A None [8]
#1 May 27–29, 1890 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) Not specified Cuba N/A 4 [8] [4]
Unnamed May 1–6, 1899 Tropical depression 25 mph (40 km/h) 1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg) Haiti, Cuba N/A None [8]
Unnamed January 17–19, 1900 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) Not specified Central Atlantic Ocean N/A None [8]
#1 March 6–9, 1908 Category 2 hurricane 100 mph (160 km/h) ≤991 hPa (29.26 inHg) Lesser Antilles N/A None [8]
#2 May 24–31, 1908 Category 1 hurricane 75 mph (121 km/h) 989 hPa (29.21 inHg) North Carolina N/A None [8]
Unnamed February 19–21, 1911 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,009 hPa (29.80 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean N/A None [13]
Unnamed May 22–24, 1911 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) Not specified Central Atlantic Ocean N/A None [13]
Unnamed December 11–13, 1911 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,005 hPa (29.68 inHg) Haiti, Cuba N/A None [13]
Unnamed April 14–16, 1912 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) Not specified Central Atlantic N/A None [13]
Unnamed May 5–8, 1913 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Northern Atlantic Ocean N/A None [13]
Unnamed April 29 – May 2, 1915 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean N/A None [8]
#1 May 13 – 16, 1916 Tropical storm 60 mph (95 km/h) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Cuba, United States East Coast N/A None [8] [14]
Unnamed May 12–15, 1922 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,008 hPa (29.77 inHg) Nicaragua N/A None [8]
#4 November 27 – December 1, 1925 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) Cuba, United States East Coast
Bermuda, Azores		 $3 million 73 [8] [15] [16]
#1 May 5–11, 1932 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) Dominican Republic N/A None [17]
#1 May 14–19, 1933 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg)) Yucatán Peninsula N/A None [18]
#1 May 15–18, 1935 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Hispaniola N/A None [19]
Unnamed May 21–26, 1936 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) Not specified Texas N/A None [20]
#17 December 4–6, 1936 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) Eastern Atlantic Ocean N/A None [20]
#1 January 3–6, 1938 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Eastern Atlantic Ocean N/A None [21]
#1 May 19–24, 1940 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) <996 hPa (29.41 inHg) Western Atlantic Ocean N/A None [22]
#1 May 22–28, 1948 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Dominican Republic N/A 80 [7] [4]
#1 January 4–9, 1951 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) Western Atlantic Ocean N/A None [7]
Able May 16–24, 1951 Category 1 hurricane 90 mph (140 km/h) 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) Bahamas, North Carolina N/A None [23] [24]
Unnamed May 17–18, 1951 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) Western Atlantic Ocean N/A None [8]
#12 December 7–10, 1951 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) Azores N/A None [7]
#1 February 2–3, 1952 Tropical storm 70 mph (110 km/h) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg)) Florida N/A None [7]
Alice May 25 – June 7, 1953 Tropical storm 70 mph (110 km/h) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Cuba, Florida N/A 6 [25] [8]
Irene December 7–9, 1953 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) ≤999 hPa (29.50 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean N/A None [7]
Unnamed December 13–14, 1953 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) Not specified Lesser Antilles N/A None [8]
Unnamed January 27–28, 1954 Subtropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean N/A None [8]
Unnamed May 19–25, 1954 Subtropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg) Northeastern Atlantic Ocean N/A None [8]
#1 May 28–30, 1954 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) ≤997 hPa (29.44 inHg)) North Carolina N/A None [7]
Alice December 30, 1954 – January 6, 1955 Category 1 hurricane 90 mph (140 km/h) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Lesser Antilles $623,000 None [6]
#1 May 25–27, 1958 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) Western Atlantic Ocean N/A None [7]
Arlene May 28–31, 1959 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) 993 hPa (29.32 inHg) United States Gulf Coast $500,000 1 [26]
TD April 30, 1962 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) Not specified Western Atlantic Ocean N/A None [27]
#10 November 28 – December 4, 1962 Category 1 hurricane 90 mph (140 km/h) 988 hPa (29.18 inHg) Southeastern United States N/A None [27]
#10 November 29 – December 2, 1965 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) Western Atlantic Ocean N/A None [27]
Alma May 17–26, 1970 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) 993 hPa (29.32 inHg) Cuba, Florida N/A 8 [28] [29]
Unnamed November 28 - December 1, 1970 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) Western Atlantic Ocean N/A None [30]
Alpha May 23–29, 1972 Subtropical storm 70 mph (110 km/h) 991 hPa (29.26 inHg) Southeastern United States $100,000 2 [7] [31] [32]
#1 April 18–21, 1973 Tropical depression 30 mph (48 km/h) Not specified Central Atlantic Ocean None None [7]
#2 May 2–5, 1973 Tropical depression 30 mph (48 km/h) Not specified Central Atlantic Ocean None None [7]
#3 May 19–20, 1974 Tropical depression 30 mph (48 km/h) Not specified Belize, Mexico, Cuba
Jamaica, United States Gulf Coast		 N/A None [33] [34]
Unnamed December 9–13, 1975 Subtropical storm 70 mph (110 km/h) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Northeast Atlantic Ocean N/A None [7]
One May 21–25, 1976 Subtropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Florida N/A None [7]
Unnamed January 18–23, 1978 Subtropical storm 45 mph (72 km/h) 1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean N/A None [7]
Arlene May 6–9, 1981 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) Cuba, Bahamas N/A None [35]
Lili December 12–24, 1984 Category 1 hurricane 80 mph (130 km/h) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Hispaniola N/A None [36]
#14 December 7–9, 1985 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) Not specified Western Caribbean N/A None [7]
#1 May 24 – June 1, 1987 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,011 hPa (29.85 inHg) Bahamas N/A None [7]
#1 May 31 – June 2, 1988 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Cuba N/A 37 [37] [38]
Karen November 28 – December 4, 1989 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Cuba N/A None [39]
#1 May 24–27, 1990 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,007 hPa (29.74 inHg) Cuba, Florida None None [40]
One April 21–24, 1992 Subtropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean None None [41]
#1 May 31 – June 3, 1993 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) Cuba, Florida None 20 [42]
Nicole November 24 – December 1, 1998 Category 1 hurricane 85 mph (137 km/h) 979 hPa (28.91 inHg) Northeastern Atlantic Ocean None None [43]
Olga November 24 – December 6, 2001 Category 1 hurricane 90 mph (140 km/h) 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) Western Atlantic Ocean None None [44]
Ana April 20–24, 2003 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Florida None 2 [45]
Odette December 4–7, 2003 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) 993 hPa (29.32 inHg) Hispaniola $8 million 10 [45] [46]
Peter December 7–11, 2003 Tropical storm 70 mph (110 km/h) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Eastern Atlantic Ocean None None [45]
Otto November 29 – December 3, 2004 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean None None [47]
Epsilon November 29 – December 8, 2005 Category 1 hurricane 85 mph (137 km/h) 981 hPa (28.97 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean None None [48]
Zeta December 30, 2005 – January 7, 2006 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean None None [48]
Andrea May 9–11, 2007 Subtropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg) Southeast United States coast Minimal 6 [49]
Olga December 11–12, 2007 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Greater Antilles $45 million 40 [49] [50]
Arthur May 31 – June 2, 2008 Tropical storm 45 mph (72 km/h) 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Belize, Yucatán Peninsula $78 million 9 [51]
#1 May 28–29, 2009 Tropical depression 35 mph (56 km/h) 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Western Atlantic Ocean None None [52]
Alberto May 19–22, 2012 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia Minimal None [53]
Beryl May 26–30, 2012 Tropical storm 70 mph (110 km/h) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Florida, Georgia, Cuba, The Bahamas $148,000 3 [5] [54]
Unnamed December 5–7, 2013 Subtropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) Azores None None [55]
Ana May 8–11, 2015 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Southeastern United States Minimal 2 [56]
Alex January 12–15, 2016 Category 1 hurricane 85 mph (137 km/h) 981 hPa (29.0 inHg) Bermuda, Azores Minimal 1 [57]
Bonnie May 27 – June 4, 2016 Tropical storm 45 mph (72 km/h) 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Southeastern United States, The Bahamas $640,000 2 [58]
Arlene April 19–21, 2017 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Central Atlantic Ocean None None [59]
Alberto May 25–31, 2018 Tropical storm 65 mph (105 km/h) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southeastern United States $125 million 18 [60]
Andrea May 20–21, 2019 Subtropical storm 40 mph (64 km/h) 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Bermuda None None [61]
Arthur May 16–19, 2020 Tropical storm 60 mph (97 km/h) 991 hPa (29.26 inHg) Florida, Bahamas, North Carolina, Bermuda $112,000 None
Bertha May 27–28, 2020 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania $133,000 None
Ana May 22–24, 2021 Tropical storm 45 mph (72 km/h) 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Bermuda None None
Unnamed January 16–17, 2023 Subtropical storm 70 mph (110 km/h) 976 hPa (28.82 inHg) New England, Atlantic Canada None None [62]

Systems by month

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, followed by December. Several late November systems have persisted into December thus enhancing its count. Conversely, only one storm has formed in March, followed by February with two. Additionally, a pair of hurricanes have spanned two calendar years: Hurricane Alice in 1954–1955, and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005–2006. [7] [8]

Number of recorded off-season cyclones by month [7] [8]
Month Number of cyclones
January
7
February
2
March
1
April
7
May
50
December
28(Includes 11 that formed in November)

See also

References

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External links

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