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verification. (November 2014) |
This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest.
Drug | Other common names | Image | First synthesis | Dates of clinical use | Chemical/structural class | Duration of effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
amylocaine | Stovaine | 1904 ( Ernest Fourneau) | ester- benzoic
|
|||||||
ambucaine | [1] | diester - aminosalicylic | ||||||||
articaine | Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine | Amide | ||||||||
benzocaine | Anbesol, Orajel | Ester - Aminobenzoic | Short | |||||||
benzonatate | Tessalon | |||||||||
bupivacaine | Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine | 1957 (Ekenstam) | 1963 (Widman and Telivuo) | Amide | Moderate | |||||
butacaine | ester- aminobenzoic | |||||||||
butanilicaine | Amide | |||||||||
chloroprocaine | Nesacaine | Ester - Aminobenzoic | ||||||||
cinchocaine (INN) | dibucaine (USAN), Cincain, Cinchocaine, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine | 1925 (Meischer) | 1930 (Uhlmann) | Ester - Aminobenzoic | ||||||
cocaine | 1855 (first isolation by Friedrich Gaedcke), 1898 (first synthesis by Richard Willstätter) | 1884 ( Karl Koller, William Stewart Halsted) | Ester - Benzoic | |||||||
cyclomethycaine | [2] | Ester - hydroxybenzoic | ||||||||
dibucaine | [3] | Amide | ||||||||
diperodon | [4] [5] | |||||||||
dimethocaine | larocaine | |||||||||
eucaine | α-Eucaine, β-eucaine |
|
1900. α [6] β [7] [8] | |||||||
etidocaine | Duranest | 1971 (Takman) | 1972 (Lund) | |||||||
hexylcaine | Cyclaine, Osmocaine | |||||||||
fomocaine | [9] | ester - phenyl | ||||||||
fotocaine | [9] | |||||||||
hydroxyprocaine | [10] | ester - aminosalicylic | ||||||||
isobucaine | [11] | Ester - benzoic | ||||||||
levobupivacaine | Chirocaine | 1990s (Mather and Tucker) | 1995 | |||||||
lidocaine
[12]
[13]
(lignocaine) |
Xylocaine | 1943 ( Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundqvist) | 1947 (Torsten Gordh) | |||||||
mepivacaine | Carbocaine, Polocaine | 1956 (Ekenstam and Egner) | 1957 (Dhuner) | |||||||
meprylcaine | Epirocain | |||||||||
metabutoxycaine | ||||||||||
nitracaine | Ester- Aminobenzoic | |||||||||
orthocaine | ||||||||||
oxetacaine (oxethazaine) | ||||||||||
oxybuprocaine | benoxinate, Novesine | |||||||||
Paraethoxycaine | [14] | |||||||||
phenacaine | Holocaine | |||||||||
piperocaine | metycaine | |||||||||
piridocaine | [15] | |||||||||
pramocaine | pramoxine | |||||||||
prilocaine | Citanest | 1959 ( Nils Löfgren and Egner) | 1960 (Wielding) | |||||||
Primacaine | ||||||||||
procaine | Novocain, borocaine (procaine borate), ethocaine | 1904 ( Alfred Einhorn) | 1905 ( Heinrich Braun) | |||||||
procainamide | ||||||||||
proparacaine | proxymetacaine | |||||||||
propoxycaine [16] | ||||||||||
Pyrrocaine | [17] | |||||||||
quinisocaine ( INN) | dimethisoquin ( USAN) | [18] | ||||||||
ropivacaine | Naropin | 1957 (Ekenstam) | 1997 | |||||||
trimecaine | Mesdicain, Mesocain, Mesokain | |||||||||
tetracaine | amethocaine, Dicaine, Pontocaine | 1928 (O. Eisleb) | 1931 | |||||||
Tolycaine | [19] | |||||||||
Tropacocaine [20] |