Historical markers (
Filipino: panandang pangkasaysayan;
Spanish: marcador histórico or placa histórica) are installed by the
National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) and its predecessor agencies in the Philippines and places abroad that signify important and historic events, persons,[1][2] structures,[3] and institutions.[4] The commemorative plaques are permanent signs installed by the NHCP in publicly visible locations on buildings, monuments, or in special locations. The NHCP also allows local municipalities and cities to install markers of figures and events of local significance, although these markers are barred from using the
seal of the Republic of the Philippines.[5]
As of December 2023, the total number of historical markers (designated as Level II) included in the NHCP's registry is 1,381;[6] however, the number of markers from all these lists is almost 1,700 including those decommissioned, lost, and of unknown location.
Examples of memorials and plaques before the Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee (PHRMC)
Spanish-era (1856) memorial upon the
Bridge of Isabel II. An American era historical marker by the PHRMC was added in 1939 and was placed below the cross. Another commemorative plaque was added during the term of Mayor
Ayong Maliksi (1988–1998).
Before 1933, several civic efforts have been initiated to create monuments and to mark historic sites and events, such as
Cry of Balintawak,
José Rizal Monument, and the birthplace of
Andrés Bonifacio. However, many more historical sites have not been recognized or marked.[7]
The earliest predecessor of the NHCP was the Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee (PHRMC). Established on October 23, 1933[7] via Executive Order 451 during the
governorship of
Frank Murphy during the
American colonial era, one of its tasks was to mark cultural and historical antiquities in Manila, which was later expanded to cover the rest of the Philippines. The first markers were installed in 1934, including ones for
Church of San Agustin,
Fort Santiago,
Plaza McKinley,
Roman Catholic Cathedral of Manila,
San Sebastian Church,
Concordia College,
Manila Railroad Company,
Dr. Lorenzo Negrao,
Church of Nuestra Señora de Guia, and
University of Santo Tomas (Intramuros site). Issuance of markers stopped during the
Second World War. Some of these markers were either lost or destroyed during the war and new markers were installed as replacements for San Agustin Church and Manila Cathedral. Throughout the years, some markers have also been reportedly missing as they were stolen and sold as scrap metal.[8] The installation of markers was continued by the successors of the PHRMC: the Philippines Historical Committee (PHC), National Historical Institute (NHI), and the National Historical Commission (NHCP). The standard style of markers has changed throughout the years.
The language of the markers are mostly and primarily in
Filipino, with markers also in English and Spanish. The first marker to contain a regional language was installed to commemorate the
Cebu Provincial Capitol in Cebu City. The markers, both in
Cebuano and Filipino, were installed in 2008. The first marker in
Ilocano was installed to commemorate
Mansion House in Baguio in 2009. The first marker in
Kapampangan was installed to commemorate the Holy Rosary Parish Church in Angeles in 2017.
Historical markers outside of the Philippines may also be written in the local language of the country where the marker is installed such as German in Berlin, Germany[9] and French in Ghent, Belgium[10] (both markers commemorate
José Rizal). Two of the first markers outside of the Philippines were installed in
Ghent,
Belgium, commemorating the residence of José Rizal when the
El Filibusterismo was published, and in
Dezhou,
China, commemorating
Paduka Batara, a
King of Sulu who paid tribute to the
Yongle Emperor and died there. Both were installed in 1959.
Markers related to Rizal occur the most, and Filipino historian
Teodoro A. Agoncillo revealed that during his time (he served the NHCP from 1963 to 1985), their efforts in the board were mostly spent on approving, discussing, and rewriting the marker texts. With the number of marker requests relating to Rizal, he joked "Aba! Pati ba naman eskinitang inihian ni Rizal ibig lagyan ng marker!" (What, they even want us to mark obscure side streets where Rizal relieved himself!).[8]
In 2002, during the unveiling ceremony of the marker National Federation of Women's Clubs in the Philippines in
Manila Hotel, former president
Fidel Ramos joked that the curtain raising reminded him of
striptease, and everybody laughed. It was the last time that the curtains were pulled upward, and from then, the unveiling involves curtain pulling instead.[11]
In 2011, the NHCP stated it will pursue more markers for Visayas and Mindanao for their further inclusion in national history, citing the concentration of markers in Luzon.[12]
The Kudan, the Philippine embassy building in Tokyo, has been declared a national historical landmark by the NHCP and was granted a historical marker on March 3, 2014. It is the first overseas site to be granted such status.[13] During the unveiling of the marker, Ambassador Manuel Lopez called the building as the crown jewel of Philippine foreign service.[14]
On June 3, 2016, the NHCP, for the first time, installed a marker for a nameless personality. A marker was installed in
Macabebe, commemorating the
leader of the
Battle of Bangkusay Channel, the "first native to give up his life for independence."[15]
The markers collectively depict select events of the
Magellan-Elcano voyage in the Philippine archipelago. Each marker consists of a pedestal with a globe motif on top as a
finial. The tiltation of the globe element was also certified by the
Philippine Space Agency. On one side of the pedestal is the commemoration plaque and on another side is a dust marble
relief which has a design dependent on the specific site of the marker. The reliefs are made by sculptors Jonas Roces and Francis Apiles and are based on sketches by muralist Derrick Macutay. The NHCP described the designs as a deviation from typical "
orientalist" depictions by foreigners of pre-colonial Filipinos as savages. The markers are an attempt to depict events of the expedition from a Filipino point of view.[16]
In 2023, the NHCP launched a marker series Landas ng Pagkabansang Pilipino (Philippine Nationhood Trail), commemorating the 125th anniversary of the
Philippine declaration of independence in 1898 including the subsequent struggles of the
First Philippine Republic leading to General
Emilio Aguinaldo's capture in 1901. The commission said, "The markers will highlight the struggle of Asia's first democratic constitutional republic against colonialism as it fought to survive by moving across the country where it met and was aided by Filipinos of all ethnic and cultural backgrounds."[19] The marker locations will follow the sites of the movement of the
capitals of the Philippines during the revolutionary period.
The markers series track events that gave birth to the Philippine nation, starting from
Kawit, Cavite (proclamation of Independence) to
Palanan,
Isabela (site of
Emilio Aguinaldo's capture by the Americans). Three markers were revealed in 2023, 43 will be revealed in 2024, and the total markers released by 2026 will be 74. The series is expected to yield 100 markers with a standard memorial marker and pedestal.
Criteria and policies
The following are the policies issued by the NHCP on the installation of markers:[20]
Markers shall be installed for Filipino heroes, historic events and places involving historical acts and patriotic endeavors to dramatize the need to focus to the national consciousness the history of our country from the Filipino viewpoint and to evoke pride in our national heritage and identity.
Installation of historical markers that honor Filipino heroes shall be undertaken after proper and thorough study.
Historical markers shall only be installed in places with great historical value as determined by the NHI Board.
Historical markers for religious personalities maybe installed in recognition of social or historical value.
Historical marker shall not be installed to honor persons deceased less than fifty years, unless they are considered outstanding figures.
Request for historical markers may be granted during the centenary year of deserving persons, places or structures.
Historical markers shall not be installed in honor of persons who are still living.
Historical markers may be installed in honor of foreigners, only in exceptional cases.
Markers of local significance shall be allowed upon approved application to the NHI provided they are installed and financed by the agency, person or organization making the request and in such cases, the seal of the Republic of the Philippines shall not be allowed to be used.
In consonance with the national policy, all texts of historical markers shall be in the National Language.
The historical marker shall have a uniform design, size and materials. The NHI shall exercise the exclusive right (patent) over its use and production.
The historical markers are government property. Any act to destroy or remove the said markers without the written authority from the NHI Board shall be charged criminally in accordance with existing laws. The NHI shall conceptualize the standard design, size and materials of the pedestals for the historical marker.
To ensure the protection, upkeep and maintenance of the historical markers, the NHI and the client (i.e. local executives, descendant of the hero, etc.) shall both officially agree and sign the Certificate of Transfer.
Historical marker attached to the façade of a structure
Historical marker on a stand-alone pedestal
Historical marker inside a building
Historical markers by region
The following are lists of NHCP historical markers by region. It also includes a list of NHCP markers installed overseas:
Some historical markers have also caused issues and controversies due to different reasons.
Baguio City Hall – Markers have also been used to justify the historicity of the place and help preserve the area, like in the issue of developing the
City Hall site in
Baguio. Despite the lack of resolutions or consultations, former NHCP Chairperson
Maria Serena Diokno affirmed the historical significance of the area against alterations on the historical site under the
National Cultural Heritage Act.[21]
Blood Contact Between Sikatuna and Legaspi – The site of the historical marker of the
Sandugo, or the blood compact between
Sikatuna and
Legazpi became an issue because of the NHCP board resolution that the event site was located off the waters of
Loay and not
Tagbilaran. Despite the resolution, the marker remains in its original place.[22]
The Code of Kalantiaw – This historical marker in
Batan, installed on December 8, 1956,[23] remained in place even after
William Henry Scott in 1968 proved that
The Code of Kalantiaw and
Datu Kalantiaw to be hoaxes and even after a resolution was issued by the NHI in 2004.
Ferdinand Marcos 1917–1989 – A historical marker commemorating the centennial birth anniversary of President
Ferdinand Marcos in Batac, Ilocos Norte unveiled on September 11, 2017, became controversial and became a case for
historical revisionism, following the
controversial burial of the late dictator.[24] Baybayin, an
Ateneo de Manila student organization, issued an alternative marker online containing atrocities under the Marcos regime, as well as his burial as a statement against historical revisionism.[25]
The First Congress of the Republic of the Philippines 1946 ~ 1949 – The marker concerning the
first congress is the biggest marker made, measuring at 52x72 inches. The 1946 marker was replaced on January 27, 2010, when governor
Carlos Padilla of
Nueva Vizcaya asked why his father,
Constancio Padilla was missing from the list of the legislators.
Luis Taruc,
Jesus Lava, and
Amado Yuson of the
Democratic Alliance were not in the marker even though they appeared in the Congressional Records, while
Luis Clarin,
Carlos Fortich, and
Narciso Ramos were in the 1946 marker but not in the present Congressional Records. The Lava brothers and Yuzon were dismissed from Congress, although the latter moved to the
Nacionalista Party. Fortich died before completing his term and was replaced by his widow,
Remedios Ozamis Fortich. Ramos won as the congressman for the 5th district of Pangasinan, but was appointed soon after to the
United Nations, and was replaced by
Cipriano Allas.[11]
Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo 1914–1998 – There is the case of a possible relocation of a historical marker dedicated to
Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo in
Bulakan over ownership issues of the heritage house.[26]
Jose Rizal1861–1896 Tarlak, Tarlak – The historical marker for José Rizal in
Tarlac City was reported to be in a state of rot in 2011.[27] The marker was relocated and put in a better position in front of the city plaza after 58 years of neglect.[28]
Labanan sa Karagatan ng SibuyanBattle of Sibuyan Sea – Related to the discovered shipwrecks (Japanese ship
Musashi) in Sibuyan Island, Romblon, a group has been pushing the transfer of the marker to the said island from the town of
Alcantara.[29]
La Ignaciana – The historical marker (installed in 1939) of the Jesuit institution
La Ignaciana in
Santa Ana, Manila was stolen. A replacement marker was planned to be installed by the end of 2014,[30] but it never took place.
Macapagal-Macaraeg Ancestral House – The marker for the mid-century Macapagal-Macaraeg house in
Iligan, issued in 2002, became an issue because President
Diosdado Macapagal never lived in the said house, although it became a home for his daughter President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.[31]
Memorare – Days before the
Bonifacio Day of 2017, reports surface the demolition of the
Bonifacio centennial monument in Makati, along with its historical marker. It was done by the
Department of Public Works and Highways to build a bridge connecting
Ortigas and
Bonifacio Global City business districts without informing and seeking the approval of the NHCP. DPWH, however, stated that it informed the local government unit and temporarily removed the statue to protect it from the construction. The department also said that it has allotted ₱39 million for the restoration of the park after the project has been completed in 2020.[32][33][34]
Memorare – A statue and marker, named
Filipina Comfort Women Statue, remembering the
comfort women of World War II, installed on December 8, 2017, along Baywalk, Roxas Boulevard, Malate, Manila, caught the attention from the officials from the
Department of Foreign Affairs and the Japanese Embassy in Manila.[35] In response,
Teresita Ang-See, said that the memorial should not become an insult versus Japan.[36] On April 27, 2018, the DPWH removed the memorial for a drainage improvement project along the Baywalk. Many individuals and groups, including
Gabriela Women's Party condemned the removal, stating historical revisionism and submission to Japanese policy. They also stated that this has been an unlawful removal, since the
heritage act protects markers and memorials by the NHCP.[37][38]President Duterte remarked that the memorial can be placed in a private property, since the state would not want to "antagonize" other countries.[39]
Mindanao Garden of Peace, Corregidor Island – On March 18, 2015, a marker pertaining to the
Jabidah massacre was installed in Corregidor, Cavite City.[40] Despite referring to the said event, the marker was entitled "Mindanao Garden of Peace, Corregidor Island" and the marker text did not contain the name "Jabidah."
Patricio Mariano (1877–1935) – The historical marker dedicated to
Patricio Mariano in
Escolta, Binondo, Manila received social media attention regarding its then derelict state. On January 28, 2015, on the occasion of Mariano's 80th death anniversary, the Escolta Revival Movement wrote to the NHCP regarding the situation of the marker. The NHCP renovated the marker the day after.[41] Local residents were unable to notice the marker had the reporters have not pointed it out.[42]
Pisamban Maragul (Pisamban ning Angeles) and Mansyong PamintuanThe Large Church (Church of Angeles) and Pamintuan Mansion –The case of
Angeles City markers of
Santo Rosario Church and the
Pamintuan Mansion became example of markers replaced by new ones bearing rectified information. The latter markers indicate that the anniversary of the
Philippine independence was celebrated there in 1899; however, the former venue was discovered to have been the real place of the commemoration.[43]
Pook Kung Saan Sinulat ang "Filipinas", Liriko ng Pambansang Awit Bautista, PangasinanSite Where "Filipinas", Lyrics to the National Anthem, was Written Bautista, Pangasinan – Delayed negotiations with the family that owns Casa Hacienda prompted the local government of
Bautista to install the marker where
Filipinas/Lupang Hinirang was composed to the town's plaza instead.[44]
Pook Na Kinamatayan ni Doña Aurora Aragon QuezonDeath place of Aurora Aragon Quezon – A marker was rededicated on the site on April 28, 2013, after the original marker dated February 13, 1991, went missing. The marker in
Bongabon stands on the site where
Aurora Aragon Quezon was assassinated.[45]
Unang Putok sa Digmaang Filipino-Amerikano and Tulay ng San JuanFirst Shot in the Filipino-American War and San Juan Bridge – Following the move to relocate the marker of the first shot of the
Filipino-American War from
San Juan Bridge to the corner of Sociego and Silencio, Santa Mesa, Manila, former NHI Chairperson
Ambeth Ocampo was declared persona non grata in
San Juan. The NHI then issued a replacement marker on the bridge, indicating it as a boundary between Filipino and American soldiers during the war, instead of it being the site of the first shot.[46]
In 2004, the NHCP approved a marker for the
Alberto House,
Biñan for its historicity in relation to
Teodora Alonso, José Rizal, and the city. However, the marker did not push through because the owner refused to follow preservation requests.[47]
Some markers have been worn out or have faded texts because of natural reasons. There have also been some markers that have been refused to be read by other Filipinos because the language was not in a local one.[8]