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Damage in Long Beach, Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina.

This is a list of the costliest Atlantic hurricanes, with US$1 billion ( nominal) in property damage, broadly capturing the severity of the damage each tropical cyclone has caused. The list includes tropical storms, a tropical cyclone with a peak 1-minute maximum sustained wind in the range of 39–73 mph (63–118 km/h), placing them below the 74 mph (119 km/h) minimum needed to attain hurricane status.

History

The number of $1 billion Atlantic hurricanes almost doubled from the 1980s to the 2010s, and inflation-adjusted costs have increased more than elevenfold. [1] The increases have been attributed to climate change, more people moving to coastal areas, [1] and the dramatic increase in construction costs since 1980. [2] [3] [4] [5]

The record of the costliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic is held jointly by hurricanes Katrina (2005) and Harvey (2017), both of which resulted in approximately $125 billion in property damage during the year they occurred. These storms are also the costliest tropical cyclones recorded worldwide. The hurricane seasons of those two hurricanes, the 2005 and 2017 Atlantic hurricane seasons, are also the two costliest hurricane seasons recorded.

Most of the costliest Atlantic hurricanes in recorded history have peaked as major hurricanes. However, weaker tropical cyclones can still cause widespread damage. Tropical storms Alberto in 1994, Allison in 2001, Lee in 2011, Imelda in 2019 and Fred of 2021 each caused over a billion dollars in damage. As of 2023, no numbered tropical depressions have become a billion-dollar disaster.

List of costliest Atlantic hurricane seasons (as of 2023)
Rank Cost Season
1 ≥ $294.803 billion 2017
2 $172.297 billion 2005
3 $120.425 billion 2022
4 ≥ $80.727 billion 2021
5 $72.341 billion 2012
6 $61.148 billion 2004
7 ≥ $51.114 billion 2020
8 ≥ $50.526 billion 2018
9 ≥ $48.855 billion 2008
10 $27.302 billion 1992

Flooding typically accounts for about 60% of all of a storm's damages,[ citation needed] and this is reflected in the list with Harvey, Florence, and most recently Ida, which produced catastrophic rainfall; and with Katrina, Ike, Sandy, and Ian which produced devastating storm surges. Wind damage encompasses a large portion of storm damage as well, evidenced by Andrew, Irma, and Michael. Due to their excessive damage, the names of tropical cyclones accruing at least $1 billion in damage are usually retired by the World Meteorological Organization, but this is not always the case. Juan in 1985 was the first hurricane to cause at least a billion in damage and not be retired; its name was retired after a later usage ( 2003) that did not cause over a billion in damage. Since Juan, nine tropical cyclones that caused at least a billion in damage were not retired, the most notable of which being Sally in 2020 which caused at least $7.3 billion, the costliest storm not to have its name retired. As of March 21, 2024, the most recent billion-dollar hurricane to not have its name retired was Idalia in 2023.

The first hurricane to cause at least $1 billion in damage was Betsy in 1965, which caused much of its damage in southeastern Louisiana. Four years later, Camille caused over $1 billion in damage as it ravaged Louisiana and Mississippi at landfall, and Virginia after moving inland. After the 1960s, each decade saw an increase in tropical cyclones causing at least a billion in damage over the last, due to increasing urban development and population. In the 1970s, four hurricanes caused at least a billion in damage; the costliest of which was Agnes, which caused $2.1 billion in damage. The following decade featured seven hurricanes causing at least a billion in damage. In the 1990s, twelve tropical cyclones accrued at least a billion in damage, including Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The system greatly exceeded the damage figure of any preceding tropical cyclone, causing $27.3 billion in damage, mostly in South Florida. Nineteen tropical cyclones in the 2000s caused at least $1 billion in damage. The 2005 season had six billion-dollar hurricanes, the most of any season on record; this record was later surpassed in 2020, with eight billion-dollar hurricanes. Hurricanes Ivan (2004) and Irma (2017) caused at least $1 billion in damage in four separate countries. In the 2010s, twelve storms caused at least $1 billion in damage. [6] Hanna was the first storm of the 2020s to become a billion dollar disaster. [7]

Methodology

A collage of the top ten costliest Atlantic hurricanes, up to 2023, in descending cost from top left to lower right.

This list ranks tropical cyclones within the Atlantic that have accrued at least US$1 billion in damage, based on their nominal USD damage totals. Because the impact of inflation has not been adjusted out of these figures, they do not allow for the fact that $0.12 billion in 1965 (the earliest hurricane shown on the list) would be equivalent to $0.9 billion in 2023, or that it would require $7.4 billion in 2023 to be equivalent to $1 billion in 1965. Furthermore, the figures have not been adjusted for changes in population and wealth in coastal counties, making it hard to accurately compare the damage inflicted by hurricanes over time.

In 2018, Roger A. Pielke Jr. and Christopher Landsea published a peer-reviewed study in the scientific journal Nature Sustainability, which gave an estimate of the direct economic losses in the continental United States from 1900 to 2017 from each hurricane if that same event was to occur under contemporary (2017) societal conditions. [8] The general formula for normalized losses is

where is reported damage in current-year US dollars, is the GDP deflator for inflation adjustment, is an estimate of current-cost net stock of fixed assets and consumer durable goods to capture changes in real wealth per-capita, and county population adjustment. [8]

As the results of the Pielke / Landsea study do not extend beyond 2017, the column for normalized damage, shown in the list, is not available beyond that year.

Overall costliest

  was the costliest Atlantic hurricane at the time it dissipated
  data not available as source report ends with 2017 [8]

† indicates that the storm's impact in that season did not result in its name being retired

Costliest Atlantic hurricanes
Name Nominal damage
(Billions USD) 		Normalized damage
(Billions USD) 		Season Storm classification
at peak intensity 		Areas affected References
Katrina $125.0 $116.9 2005 Category 5 hurricane
[9] [10]
Harvey $125.0 $62.2 2017 Category 4 hurricane
[10] [11]
Ian $113.1 data not available 2022 Category 5 hurricane
[12]
Maria $91.6 data not available 2017 Category 5 hurricane
[13]
Irma $77.2 $31.0 2017 Category 5 hurricane
[10]
Ida $75.2 data not available 2021 Category 4 hurricane
[14] [15]
Sandy $68.7 $73.5 2012 Category 3 hurricane
[10] [16]
Ike $38.0 $35.2 2008 Category 4 hurricane
[17] [18] [19]
Andrew $27.3 $106.0 1992 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Bahamas
  • Florida
  • Louisiana
 [17] [20]
Ivan $26.1 $25.9 2004 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Venezuela
  • United States Gulf Coast
 [17] [21] [22]
Michael $25.5 data not available 2018 Category 5 hurricane
[23] [24]
Florence $24.2 data not available 2018 Category 4 hurricane
[24] [25]
Laura $23.3 data not available 2020 Category 4 hurricane
  • Leeward Islands
  • Puerto Rico
  • Dominican Republic
  • Haiti
  • Cuba
  • Southeastern United States
 [26] [27]
Wilma $22.4 $31.9 2005 Category 5 hurricane
[28] [29] [30] [31]
Rita $18.5 $14.9 2005 Category 5 hurricane
  • Cuba
  • Texas
  • Louisiana
 [32]
Charley $16.9 $26.9 2004 Category 4 hurricane
[33] [17]
Matthew $16.5 $8.6 2016 Category 5 hurricane
[34] [35]
Irene $14.2 $10.8 2011 Category 3 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • United States East Coast
  • Eastern Canada
 [36] [37] [38]
Hugo $11.0 $25.1 1989 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • United States East Coast
 [17] [39]
Frances $10.1 $16.5 2004 Category 4 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Eastern United States
  • Ontario
 [17] [21] [40] [41]
Georges $9.3 <$6.0 1998 Category 4 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • United States Gulf Coast
 [10] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]
Allison $9.0 <$6.0 2001 Tropical storm
[47] [17] [48]
Eta $8.3 data not available 2020 Category 4 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Central America
  • Cuba
  • Eastern United States
Gustav $8.3 <$6.0 2008 Category 4 hurricane
[17] [18]
Jeanne $7.9 $13.6 2004 Category 3 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Eastern United States
 [17] [21] [49] [50]
Sally † $7.3 data not available 2020 Category 2 hurricane
  • The Bahamas
  • Florida
  • Southeastern United States
 [51] [27]
Floyd $6.5 $13.9 1999 Category 4 hurricane
[17] [52]
Mitch $6.1 <$6.0 1998 Category 5 hurricane
[53] [54] [55]
Isabel $5.5 <$6.0 2003 Category 5 hurricane
  • Greater Antilles
  • The Bahamas
  • Eastern United States
  • Ontario
 [17] [56]
Dorian $5.1 data not available 2019 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • The Bahamas
  • Eastern United States
  • Atlantic Canada
 [57]
Imelda † $5.0 data not available 2019 Tropical storm
  • Texas
  • Louisiana
  • Oklahoma
  • Arkansas
 [58]
Fran $5.0 $11.1 1996 Category 3 hurricane
  • Eastern United States
  • Ontario
 [17]
Isaias † $4.8 data not available 2020 Category 1 hurricane
  • Puerto Rico
  • Dominican Republic
  • Haiti
  • Bahamas
  • Eastern United States
 [59]
Opal $4.7 $10.0 1995 Category 4 hurricane
  • Guatemala
  • Yucatán Peninsula
  • Eastern United States
 [17] [60]
Zeta † $4.4 data not available 2020 Category 3 hurricane
  • Jamaica
  • Yucatan Peninsula
  • Louisiana
  • Mississippi
 [61]
Dennis $4.0 <$6.0 2005 Category 4 hurricane
[17] [28] [62]
Stan $3.9 <$6.0 2005 Category 1 hurricane
  • Mexico
  • Central America
 [49] [63]
Karl † $3.9 <$6.0 2010 Category 3 hurricane
  • Mexico
  • Central America
 [64]
Idalia † $3.5 data not available 2023 Category 4 hurricane
[65]
Fiona $3.4 data not available 2022 Category 4 hurricane
[66]
Luis $3.3 <$6.0 1995 Category 4 hurricane
[60]
Isaac † $3.1 <$6.0 2012 Category 1 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Eastern United States
 [67]
Delta † $3.0 data not available 2020 Category 4 hurricane
  • Jamaica
  • Cayman Islands
  • Yucatan Peninsula
  • Southeastern United States
Alicia $3.0 $13.6 1983 Category 3 hurricane
[68]
Gilbert $3.0 <$6.0 1988 Category 5 hurricane
[69]
Lee † $2.8 <$6.0 2011 Tropical storm
  • Louisiana
  • Mississippi
 [70]
Marilyn $2.5 <$6.0 1995 Category 3 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Bermuda
 [17] [60]
Michelle $2.4 <$6.0 2001 Category 4 hurricane
  • Central America
  • Jamaica
  • Cuba
  • The Bahamas
 [44] [48]
Agnes $2.1 $26.0 1972 Category 1 hurricane
  • Mexico
  • Cuba
  • Eastern United States
 [17] [71]
Joan $2.0 <$6.0 1988 Category 4 hurricane
  • Lesser Antilles
  • Colombia
  • Venezuela
  • Central America
 [69]
Fifi $1.8 <$6.0 1974 Category 2 hurricane
  • Jamaica
  • Central America
  • Mexico
 [72] [73]
Frederic $1.8 <$6.0 1979 Category 4 hurricane
[74]
Dean $1.7 <$6.0 2007 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Central America
 [49] [75]
Dolly † $1.6 <$6.0 2008 Category 2 hurricane
[18]
Allen $1.6 <$6.0 1980 Category 5 hurricane
[49] [76] [77]
David $1.5 <$6.0 1979 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • United States East Coast
 [49] [74]
Alex † $1.5 <$6.0 2010 Category 2 hurricane
  • Central America
  • Greater Antilles
  • Texas
 [78] [79] [80] [81]
Juan † $1.5 <$6.0 1985 Category 1 hurricane
  • United States Gulf Coast
 [17]
Bob $1.5 <$6.0 1991 Category 3 hurricane
  • United States East Coast
  • Canada
 [82]
Roxanne $1.5 <$6.0 1995 Category 3 hurricane
  • Mexico
 [60]
Ingrid $1.5 <$6.0 2013 Category 1 hurricane
  • Mexico
 [17]
Betsy $1.4 <$6.0 1965 Category 4 hurricane
  • Louisiana
  • South Florida
  • Caribbean
 [17]
Camille $1.4 $26.4 1969 Category 5 hurricane
  • Mississippi
  • Louisiana
  • Alabama
  • Virginia
  • Cuba
 [17]
Iota $1.4 data not available 2020 Category 4 hurricane
  • Colombia
  • Central America
 [83]
Elena $1.3 <$6.0 1985 Category 3 hurricane
  • Cuba
  • United States Gulf Coast
 [84]
Isidore $1.3 <$6.0 2002 Category 3 hurricane
[85] [86]
Fred † $1.3 data not available 2021 Tropical storm
  • Puerto Rico
  • Hispaniola
  • Cuba
  • Jamaica
  • Southeastern United States
 [15]
Hanna † $1.2 data not available 2020 Category 1 hurricane
[27]
Elsa † $1.2 data not available 2021 Category 1 hurricane
  • Lesser Antilles
  • Greater Antilles
  • Venezuela
  • Colombia
  • East Coast of the United States
  • Atlantic Canada
 [15]
Lili $1.2 <$6.0 2002 Category 4 hurricane
  • Lesser Antilles
  • Greater Antilles
  • Gulf Coast of the United States
 [17]
Nicholas † $1.1 data not available 2021 Category 1 hurricane
[87]
Nicole † $1.0 data not available 2022 Category 1 hurricane
[12]
Alberto † $1.0 <$6.0 1994 Tropical storm
  • Southeastern United States
 [70]
Emily † $1.0 <$6.0 2005 Category 5 hurricane
[10]
Bonnie † $1.0 <$6.0 1998 Category 3 hurricane
  • Lesser Antilles
  • East Coast of the United States
 [10]

See also

References

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