Nationalist parties in
Europe have been on the rise since the early 2010s
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5] due to, according to some,
austerity measures and immigration.
[6]
[7]
Analyses
Linguist
Ruth Wodak has stated that the populist parties rising across Europe do so for different reasons in different countries. In an article published in March 2014, she divided these political parties into four groups: "parties [which] gain support via an ambivalent relationship with fascist and Nazi pasts" (in, e.g. , Austria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and France), parties which "focus primarily on a perceived threat from Islam" (in, e.g. , the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland), parties which "restrict their propaganda to a perceived threat to their national identities from ethnic minorities" (in, e.g. , Hungary, Greece, Italy, and the United Kingdom), and parties which "endorse a fundamentalist Christian conservative-reactionary agenda" (in, e.g. , Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria).
[8] According to
The Economist , the main attraction of far-right parties in the
Scandinavian countries is the perception that their national culture is under threat.
[9]
Different parts of Europe have nationalist parties with various ideologies and goals. Most nationalist parties in Central and Western Europe are described as "
right-wing populists ".
[10] According to Thomas Klau of the European Council on Foreign Relations "as antisemitism was a unifying factor for far-right parties in the 1910s, 20s and 30s, Islamophobia has become the unifying factor in the early decades of the 21st century."
[11] At the other side, there are non-rightist nationalist forces, many of them are leftist, civic or big-tent parties, which often advocate regionalism.
Overview
There are several nationalist political parties of all kinds in Europe, with different cases among the countries.
In
Cyprus , because of the
complicated situation on the island nation , most of the political forces are described as nationalist but on a different perspective each:
leftist-nationalist
AKEL supports
Cypriotism ,
social-democratic
EDEK ,
green
KOSP and
centrist
DIKO are
Greek-Cypriot nationalist , while
national-populist
ELAM supports
Hellenic nationalism and
union with Hellas .
In
Belarus (
Belaya Rus ) and in
Azerbaijan (
New Azerbaijan Party ), the dominant ruling parties are also
big-tent nationalist, while in
Russia both the ruling
big-tent party (
United Russia ) and the main opposition parties (
leftist
Commnist Party and
far-right
LDPR ) are nationalist. In
Turkey , almost all the political parties, from
centre-left
kemalists to the
far-right , are
nationalist , including the government parties (
conservative
AKP ,
far-right
MHP ) and the main opposition (
kemalist
CHP ,
civic nationalist
İYİ ).
Right-wing or
far-right nationalist parties are the biggest party in
Switzerland (
Swiss People's Party ) and the ruling party in
Italy (
Brothers of Italy ,
Lega ), in
Hungary (
Fidesz ) and in
Poland (
United Right ), part of the government in
Finland (
Finns Party ) , while in
Sweden (
Swedish Democrats ) and in
Serbia (
United Serbia ) they support the government. Also, in
North Macedonia , nationalist
VMRO-DPMNE is one of the two major parties in the country.
In the UK, Scotland's government is ruled by
SNP , a
catch-all and mostly
social-democratic nationalist party that supports
Scottish independence . In
Spain , the
centre-left government is supported by
leftist nationalist
ERC (
Catalonia ) and
EH-Bildu (
Basque ) that seeking
Catalan and
Basque independence prospectively and also by the
centrist nationalist and pro-Basque-independence
BNP . In
Norway (
civic nationalist
Centre Party ) and in
Cyprus (
centrist
DIKO ,
social-democratic
EDEK ), non-rightist nationalist parties are coalition partners on the governments. Also in
Moldova , leftist nationalist
PSRM is one of the two major political forces.
In all other countries, nationalist parties are in opposition. In some countries, opposition nationalist parties are major or significant players in politics, such as
France 's
National Rally and
La France Insoumise ,
Germany 's
AfD ,
Spain 's
Vox ,
Hellas '
Hellenic Solution , Serbia's
Oathkeepers and
Dveri ,
Portugal 's
Chega ,
Netherlands '
PVV and
Forum for Democracy ,
Catalonia 's (
Esp )
Junts and
CUP ,
Ukraine 's
Batkivshchyna and
Svoboda ,
Estonia 's
Conservative People's Party ,
Austria 's
Freedom Party ,
Bulgaria 's
Revival ,
Flanders ' (
Bel )
Vlaams Belang and
New Flemish Alliance ,
Hungary 's
Jobbik and
Our Homeland Movement ,
Czechia 's
SPD ,
Norway 's
Progress Party ,
Armenia 's
Revolutionary Federation ,
Wales ' (
UK )
Plaid Cymru ,
Sprska 's (
B&H )
Alliance of Independents Social Democrats ,
Slovakia 's
National Party ,
Republika and
Smer ,
Slovenia 's
SDS ,
Cyprus '
AKEL and
ELAM ,
Denmark 's
People's Party ,
Ireland 's
Sinn Fein ,
Moldova 's
Şor ,
Croatia 's
Homeland Movement ,
Luxembourg 's
Alternative Democratic Reform ,
Bosnia 's
Party of Democratic Action etc. In the
United Kingdom , there is
UK Independence Party , as a minor political player.
Separatist /
regionalist nationalist parties with strong influence in the whole countries' politics are mentioned above, are ERC, Junts and CUP from
Catalonia , Lega from
Northern Italy , SNP from
Scotland , Vlaams Belang and New Flemish Alliance from
Flanders , Alliance of Independents Social Democrats from
Sprska and Plaid Cymru from
Wales . Also, there are some separatist nationalist parties with strong -or even majority- influence at local councils:
Basqonian
Geroa Bai from
Navarre ,
Pe a Corsica from
Corsica ,
Croatian Democratic Union from
Croat-speaking Bosnia and
Galician Nationalist Bloc from
Galicia .
There are some cases, like Hellas's
Golden Dawn , Slovakia's
L'SNS , Croatia's
Party of Rights or Germany's
NPD , in which parties with significant role on the politics were
ultra-nationalist and described as
neonazist . Today, NPD is a minor extra-parliamentary party in Germany, Golden Dawn has eclipsed and condemned by the
Hellenic Supreme Court as a
criminal organization , Party of Rights is also almost eclipsed in Croatia, while L'SNS is still a parliamentary active political force in Slovakia. In
Turkey , the government coalition partner
MHP is considered
ultra-conservative and
neo-fascist , with links to the racist organization "
Grey Wolves ". In
Italy , governing
Brothers of Italy has post-fascist roots, while some years earlier the political parties
MSI and its successor
National Alliance (
neo-fascist and
post-fascist prospectively) were major political forces. In
Hellas , the parliamentary political party of
Spartans , though not neonazi/neofascist itself, entered the
Parliament because of the endorsement of
National Party - Hellenes and its leader
Ilias Kasidhiaris , an ex-leading member of the neonazi Golden Dawn. Also, parties like
Ukraine 's
Svoboda or
Russia 's
LDPR have described as alleged with neonazism and neofascism.
Recent developments
Estonian General election, March 2019
The
Conservative People's Party of Estonia is an Estonian far-right political party, founded in 2012. During the
2019 Estonian parliamentary election it had the largest gain overall of all parties, increasing their seat count by 12 to a total of 19 seats. Its public support is on the rise, according to opinion polls.
Spanish General election, November 2019
Vox is a Spanish right-wing to far-right political party, founded in 2012. It obtained, by surprise, 24 seats in the Spanish parliament in the April 2019 election. In the November 2019 election Vox obtained 52 seats (an increase) from what it got in early 2019. The president of Vox is
Santiago Abascal and its general secretary is
Javier Ortega Smith . Its public support is on the rise, according to results of subsequent regional elections, and opinion polls.
Hungarian Parliamentary Elections, 3 April 2022
Hungary held its
General Parliamentary Elections on 3 April 2022, where 199 seats in the
National Assembly of Hungary were filled. Two nationalist parties, emerged with seats in the new Assembly, with the new Prime Minister,
Viktor Orban , being from the
Fidesz -
Christian Democratic People's Party . His party gained 135 seats, while the
Our Homeland Movement gained 7 seats. This put 142 out of 199 seats in the Hungarian National Assembly under the control of nationalist parties..
Swedish General Elections, 11 September 2022
Sweden held its
2022 Swedish general election on 11 September 2022, where 349 seats in the
Riksdag were filled.
Sweden Democrats Sweden's far-right political party made gains winning 73 seats and becoming the 2nd largest party in Sweden with 20.07%. After the election
Sweden Democrats joined the government.
They had two minor nationalist party's also ran
Alternative for Sweden and
Swedish Resistance Movement however they got a small % of the vote.
Italian General Elections, 25 September 2022
Italy held its
General Elections on 25 September 2022 , where 400 Deputies were elected to the Lower House and 200 Senators to the Upper House of the Italian Parliament. Italy's largest far-right party, the
Lega Nord or "League" secured 125 seats in the
Chamber of Deputies (
Lower House ) and 58 seats in the
Senate (
Upper House ). The
Brothers of Italy , another nationalist party, gained 32 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 18 seats in the Senate.
Observers commented that the results shifted the
geopolitics of the
European Union , following
far-right gains in France, Spain, and Sweden.
[12]
[13]
[14] It was also noted that the election outcome would mark Italy's first far-right-led government and the country's most
right-wing government since 1945.
[15]
[16]
[17]
Finnish General Elections, 2 April 2023
Finland held its
General Elections, 2 April 2023 , where 200 seats in the Eduskunta were elected to the Lower House. Finland's largest far-right party, the
Finns Party secured 46 seats in the parliament, it was the second largest party with 20.07% of the vote.
They had two minor party's also ran
Blue-and-Black Movement and
Finnish People First but they got a small % of the votes.
Hellenic election, 2023
On the
Hellenic Parliamentary elections in June 2023 ,
far-right
nationalist party
Spartans entered the
Parliament gaining 12/300 MP seats and around 4.5% of the popular vote. Two parties often described by some as nationalist also entered the Parliament:
national-conservative
Hellenic Solution gained 12/300 seats and around 4.5% of the popular vote, while
christian-nationalist party
Victory gained 10/300 sets with popular vote around 3.5%. Finally,
Course of Freedom , an
anti-establishment party which is described by some as
left-wing nationalist , gained 3% of the popular vote and 8/300 seats. Totally, there are 12/300 (4%) seats belonging to a clearly far-right nationalist party, while by adding the seats of parties that sometimes described as nationalist, a total number of 42/300 (14%) of the Parliament MPs.
Prior to the election, there was an increasing coiling around
National Party – Hellenes and its leader
Ilias Kasidhiaris . Kasidhiaris, a former leading member of
neonazi
Golden Dawn party, tried to present a party with modern nationalist far-right profile, managing to reach around 5% in 2023 polls.
[18] Finally, a law that exclude political parties connected to individuals sentenced as part of criminal organizations (Kasidhiaris is sentenced as leading person of Golden Dawn and serves his sentence on prison), did not allow at the party to take part on the election. Kasidiaris and his party, endorsed Spartans party, so it managed to enter the Parliament.
List
the governing party
giving parliamentary support
National
Country
Party
Date established
% of popular vote
Votes
Seats
Ideology, description
Europarty
Albania
Albanian National Front Party
1989
Albanian nationalism , national conservatism,
Greater Albania
Armenia
Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1890
21.11% (
2021 )
269,481
Armenian nationalism ,
United Armenia
[19]
[20]
PES
Republican Party of Armenia
1990
5.22% (
2021 )
66,650
Armenian nationalism ,
National conservatism ,
Tseghakronism ,
Russophilia
EPP
Austria
Freedom Party of Austria
1956
16.2% (
2019 )
772,666
National conservatism,
right-wing populism , anti-immigration,
[21] euroscepticism
ID
Belgium
New Flemish Alliance
2001
16.03% (
2019 )
1,086,787
Flemish nationalism ,
Regionalism ,
Separatism ,
Conservatism ,
Liberal conservatism ,
[22]
Republicanism
EFA
Vlaams Belang
2004
11.95% (
2019 )
810,177
Flemish nationalism
[23]
Right-wing populism
Separatism
[23]
National conservatism
[24]
Euroscepticism
[25]
ID
Bulgaria
IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement
1999
Bulgarian nationalism, national conservatism, traditionalism
National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria
2011
Bulgarian nationalism, national conservatism, Euroscepticism
Attack
2005
Bulgarian nationalism,
[26] ultranationalism,
[27]
[28]
Bulgarian National Union – New Democracy
2014
National Socialism ,
Ultranationalism
Revival (Bulgarian political party)
2014
13.58% (
2023 )
358,174
Bulgarian nationalism, national conservatism, Euroscepticism, anti-Western.
Croatia
Homeland Movement
2020
9.56% (
2024 )
202,714
Croatian nationalism ,
Right-wing populism ,
National conservatism ,
Social conservatism ,
Conservatism ,
Soft Euroscepticism
Croatian Party of Rights
1990
0.85% (
2024 )
18,128
Croatian nationalism
[29]
[30]
[31]
Cyprus
National Popular Front
2008
6.8% (
2021 )
24,255
Greek nationalism
Czech Republic
Freedom and Direct Democracy
2015
9.56% (
2021 )
513,900
Czech nationalism, Anti-immigrant, Anti-Muslim
Eurosceptism
ID
Denmark
Danish People's Party
1995
2.6% (
2022 )
93.428
National conservatism, Danish nationalism, Anti-immigration,
[32]
[33]
Euroscepticism
[34]
[35]
ID
The New Right
2015
3.7 % (
2022 )
129,524
Conservatism ,
National conservatism ,
Economic liberalism ,
Danish
nationalism ,
Euroscepticism ,
Anti-immigration ,
Anti-Islam
Hard Line
2017
1.8 % (
2019 )
63,114
Ethnonationalism ,
Identitarianism ,
Anti-immigration ,
Anti-Islam ,
Hard Euroscepticism
Estonia
Conservative People's Party of Estonia
2012
17.8% (
2019 )
99,672
Estonian nationalism, national conservatism, anti-immigration, Euroscepticism,
Ethnopluralism
ID
Finland
Finns Party
1995
20.07% (
2023 )
620,102
Finnish nationalism,
[36] Anti-Immigration,
[37]
[38] Euroscepticism
ID
France
National Rally
1972
18.6% (
2022 )
4,248,626
French nationalism, Anti-Immigration, Euroscepticism
[39]
[40]
[41]
ID
Reconquête
2021
4.24% (
2022 )
964,868
French nationalism, Anti-Immigration, Euroscepticism
Georgia
Georgian March
2017
0.25% (
2020 )
4,769
Georgian nationalism , Anti-immigration, Social conservatism,
Germany
Alternative for Germany
2013
10.3% (
2021 )
4,803,902
Euroscepticism, National conservatism
ID
National Democratic Party
1964
0.1% (
2021 )
64,574
German nationalism ,
Neo-nazism
APF
Greece
Course of Freedom
2016
3.17% (
2023 )
165,310
Left-wing nationalism ,
Sovereigntism ,
Anti-austerity ,
Left-wing populism ,
Progressivism ,
Euroscepticism
Democratic Patriotic Movement - Victory
2019
3.69% (
2023 )
192,239
Religious conservatism ,
Christian nationalism
Golden Dawn
1993
not able to contest, cancelled by Supreme Court
Greek nationalism ,
Anti-immigration ,
Irredintism ,
[42]
Ultranationalism ,
[43]
Neo-fascist ,
[44]
Neo-nazism
Greek Solution
2016
4.45% (
2023 )
262,218
National conservatism ,
Greek nationalism ,
Economic nationalism ,
Euroscepticism ,
Anti-immigration ,
Right-wing populism
National Party - Hellenes
2020
not able to contest, cancelled by Supreme Court
Greek nationalism ,
Ultranationalism ,
Anti-immigration ,
Nativism
Spartans
2017
4.68% (
2023 )
243,922
Greek nationalism ,
Ultranationalism ,
Anti-immigration ,
Conservatism ,
Euroscepticism
Hungary
Fidesz
1988
54.10% (
2022 )
3,057,195
Hungarian nationalism , national conservatism, anti-immigration,
right-wing populism
Our Homeland Movement
2018
6.18% (
2022 )
332,440
Hungarian nationalism , anti-immigration,
Hungarian irredentism
Ireland
Sinn Féin
1905
24.5% (
2020 )
535,595
Irish republicanism ,
Left-wing nationalism
Irish Freedom Party
2018
0.3% (
2020 )
5,495
Hard Euroscepticism ,
Irish nationalism
National Party
2016
0.2% (
2020 )
4,773
Nationalism ,
Anti-immigration ,
Anti-Islam
Italy
Brothers of Italy
2012
26.0% (
2022 )
7,284,952
National conservatism ,
[45]
Right-wing populism
AECR
League
1991
8.7% (
2022 )
2,458,752
Right-wing populism ,
Sovereigntism ,
Conservatism
ID
Latvia
National Alliance
2010
9.40% (
2022 )
84,939
Latvian
nationalism
[46]
AECR
Latvian Nationalists
2018
0.50% (
2018 )
4,245
Latvian
nationalism
[47]
Lithuania
Young Lithuania
2009
Lithuanian nationalism, national conservatism, protectionism
Luxembourg
Alternative Democratic Reform Party
1987
9.27% (
2023 )
348,990
conservatism
AECR
Malta
Moviment Patrijotti Maltin
2016
0.36% (
2017 )
1,117
Maltese nationalism,
right-wing populism , anti-immigration, anti-Islam
Imperium Europa
2000
3.17% (
2019 )
1,117
Maltese nationalism,
Pan-European nationalism , anti-immigration, anti-Zionism
Netherlands
Party for Freedom
2006
23.69% (
2023 )
2,414,657
Anti-immigration, Anti-Islam, Euroscepticism
ID
Forum for Democracy
2016
2.24% (
2023 )
228,822
Anti-immigration, National conservatism, Euroscepticism
North Macedonia
VMRO-DPMNE
1990
34.57% (
2020 )
315,344
Macedonian nationalism ,
[48]
Christian democracy ,
[49]
National conservatism
[50]
EPP
Norway
Progress Party
1973
11.7% (
2021 )
346,053
Right-wing populism,
[51]
Conservative liberalism ,
[52]
[51] Anti-immigration,
[53] Euroscepticism
[54]
Centre Party
1920
13.6% (
2021 )
402,481
Norwegian nationalism (
Civic nationalism ),
[55] Euroscepticism,
[56] Agrarianism
[56]
Poland
United Right
2015
35.4% (
2023 )
7,640,854
National conservatism ,
[57]
[58]
Christian democracy ,
soft euroscepticism
[59]
[60]
AECR
Law and Justice
2001
Christian democracy ,
Soft Euroscepticism ,
Economic Nationalism
AECR
Sovereign Poland
2012
National conservatism ,
Euroscepticism ,
Political Catholicism
AECR
Confederation Liberty and Independence
2018
7.16% (
2023 )
1,547,364
Hard Euroscepticism , Polish Nationalism,
Ordoliberalism
National Movement
2012
Polish nationalism , national conservatism, anti-globalization
Portugal
Rise Up
2000
0.09% (
2024 )
6,030
Portuguese nationalism,
Hard Euroscepticism
AENM
Chega
2019
18.1% (
2024 )
1,169,781
Portuguese nationalism, national conservatism
ID
Romania
Greater Romania Party
1991
0.55% (
2020 )
32,654
Romanian nationalism,
Union with Moldova , Anti-Hungarian sentiment
Rational Romania
2019
-
-
-
Romanian rational nationalism. Neutral, Objective, Patriotic
Alliance for the Union of Romanians
2019
8.99% (
2020 )
535,828
Romanian nationalism,
Union with Moldova , Anti-Hungarian sentiment, Christian Nationalism
Russia
LDPR
1991
7.55% (
2021 )
4,252,096
Russian nationalism , Russian
imperialism ,
anti-Americanism
[61]
[62]
Serbia
Serbian People's Party
2014
Serbian nationalism ,
Right-wing populism ,
National conservatism
Serbian Party Oathkeepers
2012
3.87% (
2022 )
138,260
Serbian nationalism ,
Right-wing populism ,
Euroscepticism ,
National conservatism ,
Social conservatism ,
Russophilia
Dveri
1999
3.84% (
2022 )
140,100
Serbian nationalism ,
Right-wing populism ,
Christian right ,
Conservatism ,
Monarchism ,
Economic nationalism ,
Eco-nationalism ,
Euroscepticism
Serbian Radical Party
1991
2.23% (
2022 )
80,218
Serbian nationalism ,
Serbian irredentism ,
Right-wing populism ,
Hard Euroscepticism ,
National conservatism ,
Russophilia
Slovakia
Slovak National Party
1989
5.63% (
2023 )
166,995
Slovak ultra-nationalist,
[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]
[67]
[68]
Antiziganism
[69]
[70]
[71]
MELD
Kotleba - People's Party Our Slovakia
2011
0.84% (
2023 )
25,003
Neo-fascism
APF
Slovenia
Slovenian Democratic Party
1989
23.5 (
2022 )
279,897
Slovenian nationalism ,
National conservatism ,
Right-wing populism ,
Social conservatism
EPP
Slovenian National Party
1991
1.5% (
2022 )
17,736
Slovenian nationalism
[72]
Spain
Vox
2013
15.1% (
2019 )
3,639,772
Spanish nationalism ,
National Conservatism
[73]
AECR
Spanish Falange of the JONS
1976
0.04% (
2016 )
9,862
Falangism
España 2000
2002
0.04% (
2011 )
9,266
Spanish nationalism
National Democracy
1995
0.01% (
2011 )
1,867
Spanish nationalism
APF
La Falange
1999
0.00% (
2016 )
254
Falangism ,
national syndicalism ,
Spanish nationalism
Sweden
Sweden Democrats
1988
20.5% (
2022 )
1,322,214
Swedish nationalism,
[74] Anti-immigration,
[75] Euroscepticism
[76]
AECR
Alternative for Sweden
2018
0.26% (
2022 )
16,646
Swedish nationalism, Anti-immigration, Euroscepticism
Swedish Resistance Movement
1997
0.03% (
2018 )
2,106
Militant national socialist
[77] (part of the
Nordic Resistance Movement )
Switzerland
Swiss People's Party
1971
27.93% (
2023 )
713,471
National conservatism ,
[78]
Economic liberalism ,
Agrarianism ,
[81]
Euroscepticism
[82]
Ukraine
Right Sector
2014
2.15% (
2019 )
315,568
Ukrainian nationalism
Svoboda
1991
2.15% (
2019 )
315,568
Ukrainian nationalism,
[83] Anti-Russian
[84]
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
1992
2.15% (
2019 )
315,568
Ukrainian nationalism
United Kingdom
British National Party
1982
0.00% (
2019 )
510
White supremacism, British nationalism, British Fascism, Right-wing populism
AENM
National Front
1967
0.00% (
2015 )
1,114
White supremacism, British nationalism, British Fascism
Patriotic Alternative
2019
White nationalism, British nationalism, Anti-immigration
Disputed
Regional
Party
Country
Date established
% of popular vote (legislature)
Votes (legislature)
Seats
Ideology
Basque National Party
Basque Autonomous Community
1895
37.4% (
2016 )
398,168
Basque nationalism
Geroa Bai (
Basque National Party + other minor parties)
Navarre
2011
15.8% (
2015 )
53,497
Basque nationalism
EH Bildu
Basque Autonomous Community
Navarre
2011
21.1% (
2016 )
14.2% (
2015 )
225,172
48,166
Basque nationalism
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats
Republika Srpska
1996
34.6% (
2022 )
221,554
Serbian nationalism
Together for Catalonia
Catalonia
2017
21.6% (
2017 )
940,602
Catalan independence
Liberalism
Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes
Catalonia
2017
21.4% (
2017 )
929,407
Catalan independence
Social democracy
Popular Unity Candidacy
Catalonia
2017
8.2% (
2017 )
193,352
Catalan independence
Anti-capitalism
Pè a Corsica
Corsica
2002
45.4% (
2017 ) (54.5% in second round)
54,212 (67,253 in second round)
Corsican nationalism
New Flemish Alliance
Flanders
2001
24.83% (
2019 )
1,052,252
Flemish nationalism Regionalism Separatism
[23] Conservatism Liberal conservatism Republicanism
Flemish Interest
Flanders
2004
18.50% (
2019 )
783,977
Flemish nationalism Right-wing populism Separatism National conservatism Euroscepticism Republicanism
ID
Martinican Independence Movement
Martinique
2002
30.3% (
2015 ) (54.1% in second round)
36,523 (83,541 in second round)
Martinican nationalism
Scottish National Party
Scotland
1934
44.1% (
2016 ) (Constituency vote: 46.5%) (Regional vote: 41.7%)
2,013,484 (Constituency vote: 1,059,897) (Regional vote: 953,587)
Scottish independence
Scottish nationalism
Regionalism
Plaid Cymru
Wales
1925
20.7% (
2016 ) (Constituency vote: 20.5%) (Regional vote: 20.8%)
420,924 (Constituency vote: 209,376) (Regional vote: 211,548)
Welsh nationalism
Welsh independence
Civil nationalism
Regionalism
Sinn Féin
Northern Ireland
1905
27.9% (
2016 )
224,245
Irish republicanism ,
Left-wing nationalism
Party of Democratic Action
[85]
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1990
24.4% (
2022 )
238,111
Bosniak nationalism
Croatian Democratic Union
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1990
13.3% (
2022 )
130,567
Croatian nationalism
Galician Nationalist Bloc
Galicia
1982
23.79% (
2020 )
311,340
Galician nationalism
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians
Vojvodina
1994
9.29% (
2020 )
75,218
Hungarian nationalism
European political parties with mainly nationalist parties
Ultra-nationalist, neo-fascist
National-conservative
Separatist/Regionalist
There are not europarties with
left-wing or
civic nationalist ideology, though there are individual national parties.
References
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Sources
Further reading
External links