In
ancient Roman religion, agricultural deities were thought to care for every aspect of growing, harvesting, and storing crops. Preeminent among these are such major deities as
Ceres and
Saturn, but a large number of the many
Roman deities known by name either supported farming or were devoted solely to a specific agricultural function.
From 272 to 264 BC, four temples were dedicated separately to the agricultural deities
Consus,
Tellus,
Pales, and
Vortumnus. The establishment of four such temples within a period of eight years indicates a high degree of concern for stabilizing and developing the productivity of Italy following the
Pyrrhic War.[1]
Varro, De re rustica
At the beginning of his treatise on
farming,
Varro[2] gives a list of twelve deities who are vital to agriculture. These make up a conceptual or theological grouping, and are not known to have received cult collectively. They are:
Twelve specialized gods known only by name are invoked for the "cereal rite" (sacrum cereale) in honor of Ceres and Tellus.[7] The twelve are all male, with names formed from the
agent suffix -tor. Although their gender indicates that they are not aspects of the two goddesses who were the main recipients of the sacrum, their names are "mere appellatives" for verbal functions.[8] The rite was held just before the
Feriae Sementivae.
W.H. Roscher lists these deities among the indigitamenta, lists of names kept by the pontiffs for invoking specific divine functions.[9]
The names of other specialized agricultural gods are preserved in scattered sources.[11]
Rusina is a goddess of the fields (from Latin rus, ruris; cf. English "rural" and "rustic").[12]
Rusor is invoked with Altor by the pontiffs in a sacrifice to the earth deities
Tellus and
Tellumo. In interpreting the god's function, Varro derives Rusor from rursus, "again," because of the cyclical nature of agriculture.[13] As a matter of linguistics, the name is likely to derive from either the root ru-, as in
Rumina, the
breastfeeding goddess (perhaps from ruma, "teat"),[14] or rus, ruris as the male counterpart of Rusina.[15]Altor is an
agent god from the verb alo, alere, altus, "to grow, nurture, nourish". According to Varro, he received res divina because "all things which are born are nourished from the earth".[16]
Sator (from the same root as Insitor above), the "sower" god.[17]
Seia, goddess who protects the seed once sown in the earth; also as Fructesea, compounded with fructus, "produce, fruit"[18]
Segesta, goddess who promotes the growth of the seedling.
Hostilina, goddess who makes grain grow evenly.[19]
Lactans[20] or Lacturnus,[21] god who infuses crops with "milk" (sap or juice).
Volutina, goddess who induces "envelopes" (involumenta) or leaf sheaths to form.[22]
Nodutus, god who causes the "knot" (Latin nodus[23]) or node to form.
Patelana (Patelena, Patella), goddess who opens up (pateo, patere) the grain, possibly in reference to the emergence of the
flag leaf.[12]
Runcina (as in Subruncinator above), the weeder goddess, or a goddess of mowing.[12]
Messia, the female equivalent of Messor the reaper, and associated with
Tutelina.
Noduterensis (compare Nodutus)[24] or Terensis, the god of threshing
Tutelina (also Tutulina or Tutilina), a goddess who watches over the stored grain.[25]
Sterquilinus (also as Sterces, Stercutus, Sterculus, Sterculinus), who
manures the fields.
References
^William Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), pp. 340–341.
^Ceres' twelveassistant deities are listed by
Servius, note to Georgics1.21, as cited in
Barbette Stanley Spaeth, The Roman Goddess Ceres (University of Texas Press, 1996), p. 36. Servius cites the historian
Fabius Pictor (late 3rd century BC) as his source.
^Michael Lipka, Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach (Brill, 2009), p. 69.
^Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (Leipzig: Teubner, 1890–94), vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 187–233.
^
abPrice, Simon; Beard, Mary; North, John (1999). A history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
ISBN9780521316828.
^As listed by
Hermann Usener, Götternamen (Bonn, 1896), pp. 76–77, unless otherwise noted.
^Name known only from Augustine, De civitate Dei 4.8, where it is derived from an
Old Latin verb hostire "to make even".
^As named only by
Servius, note to Georgics 1.315, citing
Varro: sane Varro in libris divinarum dicit deum esse Lactantem, qui se infundit segetibus et eas facit lactescere.
^As named by Augustine, De Civitate Dei 4.8; Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 201, suggests the two names probably refer to the same divine entity.