There is no generally accepted definition of
Indigenous peoples ,
[a]
[1]
[2]
[3] although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territory, and an experience of subjugation and discrimination under a dominant cultural model.
Estimates of the population of Indigenous peoples range from 250 million to 600 million.
[5] There are some 5,000 distinct Indigenous peoples spread across every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world except Antarctica.
[6]
[7] Most Indigenous peoples are in a minority in the state or traditional territory they inhabit and have experienced domination by other groups, especially non-Indigenous peoples.
[9] Although many Indigenous peoples have experienced colonization by settlers from European nations,
[10] Indigenous identity is not determined by Western colonization.
The rights of Indigenous peoples are outlined in national legislation, treaties and international law. The 1989 International Labour Organization (ILO)
Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples protects Indigenous peoples from discrimination and specifies their rights to development, customary laws, lands, territories and resources, employment, education and health. In 2007, the United Nations (UN) adopted a
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples including their rights to self-determination and to protect their cultures, identities, languages, ceremonies, and access to employment, health,
education and natural resources.
Indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty, economic well-being, languages, cultural heritage, and access to the resources on which their cultures depend. In the 21st century, Indigenous groups and advocates for Indigenous peoples have highlighted numerous apparent violations of the rights of Indigenous peoples.
Definition
Indigenous communities, peoples, and nations are those which have a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, and may consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system.
[14]
This historical continuity may consist of the continuation, for an extended period reaching into the present of one or more of the following factors:
Occupation of ancestral lands, or at least of part of them
Common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands
Culture in general, or in specific manifestations (such as religion, living under a tribal system, membership in an Indigenous community, dress, means of livelihood, lifestyle, etc.)
Language (whether used as the only language, as mother-tongue, as the habitual means of communication at home or in the family, or as the main, preferred, habitual, general or normal language)
Residence in certain parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world
Other relevant factors.
On an individual basis, an Indigenous person is one who belongs to these Indigenous populations through self-identification as Indigenous (group consciousness) and is recognized and accepted by these populations as one of its members (acceptance by the group). This preserves for these communities the sovereign right and power to decide who belongs to them, without external interference.
[15]
Sub-Saharan Africa
Hadza people, who are indigenous to the
African Great Lakes
A
Maasai traditional dance
Baka pygmy dancers in the East Province of Cameroon
Batwa
Pygmy with traditional bow and arrow
Somali women in traditional headresses
Tigrayan women in traditional attire
Wolayta chief
Berta people playing trumpets during a wedding ceremony
Nilotic men in
Kapoeta ,
South Sudan
19th century Zulu man wearing a warrior's garb
Sotho women wearing the traditional Seana Marena blanket
Makua mother and child
Damara man wearing the ǃgūb, a traditional attire
African Great Lakes
Central Africa
Horn of Africa
Afar people (Qafár/'Afár): the
Afar Triangle of
Djibouti ,
Eritrea ,
Ethiopia
[32]
[33]
Amhara :
Ethiopia
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
Banna : Southwestern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[38]
[39]
Basketo : Southwestern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[40]
Berta (Funj) : Western
Ethiopia ,
Benishangul-Gumuz Region , Far Eastern
Sudan
[41]
[42]
Burji : Southern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[43]
[44]
Gedeo : Southern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[44]
[45]
Gumuz : Western
Ethiopia ,
Benishangul-Gumuz Region , Far Eastern
Sudan
[46]
[47]
Hamer : Southwestern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[48]
[49]
Karo : Southwestern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[50]
[51]
Kunama : Western
Eritrea ,
Gash-Barka Region , Far Eastern
Sudan
[52]
[53]
Maale : Southwestern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[38]
[54]
Mursi (Mun): mainly in
Debub Omo Zone ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region , Southwest
Ethiopia
[55]
[48]
Nara : Western
Eritrea ,
Gash-Barka Region , Far Eastern
Sudan
[53]
[52]
Oromo people :
Ethiopia ,
Kenya
[51]
Saho : Central
Eritrea , Southern part of
Northern Red Sea Region
[56]
[57]
Shinasha (
Shinasha ): Northwestern
Ethiopia
[58]
Sidama : Southern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[59]
[60]
Somalis :
Somalia ,
Djibouti , eastern
Ethiopia , northeastern
Kenya
[61]
[62]
Suri Baale :
Ethiopia
[63]
Suri Chai :
Ethiopia
[64]
[48]
Suri Timaga :
Ethiopia
[64]
Wolayta : Southwestern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[65]
[66]
Yem : Southwestern
Ethiopia ,
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
[50]
[67]
Sudan
Nuba peoples:
Sudan ,
Nuba Hills
Nubians : Far Northern
North Sudan and Far Southern
Egypt , along middle
Nile river valley banks
Dinka (Jieng): mainly in
Lakes ,
Warrap and
Unity States, Upper
Nile river course, Central and North
South Sudan .
Nuer (Naadh): mainly in
Jonglei State , East of Upper
Nile river course, East Central
South Sudan .
Anuak (Anywaa): mainly East
Jonglei State , East
South Sudan , and also mainly in
Gambela Region , Lowlands of Far Southwest
Ethiopia (border areas between
South Sudan and
Ethiopia ).
Shilluk (Chollo/Cøllø): mainly in North
South Sudan , west of the Upper
Nile river course,
Upper Nile State ,
South Sudan (
Kodok or
Kothok , formerly known as
Fashoda is in their territory).
Fur (Fòòrà):
Darfur , Western
Sudan
Masalit :
Darfur , Western
Sudan
Kadu peoples:
Sudan ,
Nuba Hills
Southern Africa
Bantu languages speaking peoples of
Southern Africa :
South Africa ,
Lesotho ,
Eswatini ,
Botswana ,
Mozambique ,
Zimbabwe ,
Namibia , southern
Angola .
Southern Khoikhoi languages speaking peoples: Angola, Namibia, Botswana,
Kalahari desert , Zimbabwe, west and southwestern South Africa.
Southern San languages speaking peoples: Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Kalahari desert, west and southwestern South Africa.
Kx'a/Ju–ǂHoan
ǃKung /Juu
ǂʼAmkoe
ǂKxʼao-ǁʼae (Auen)
Tuu
ǃKwi (!Ui)
ǀXam
ǂKhomani (Nǀu)
Khwe (Khoi, Kxoe)
Taa
Greater Middle East
West Asia
Marsh Arabs/Ma'dan poling a
mashoof in the Mesopotamian Marshes
An
Assyrian woman wearing
traditional clothing in
Zakho
Samaritans on
Mount Gerizim
Soqotri men
Afroasiatic languages
Semitic peoples
Central Semitic peoples
Assyrians (Āṯūrāyē/Sūrāyē/Sūryāyē): A
Christian
Neo-Aramaic speaking people indigenous to
Assyria , which is located in what is now northern
Iraq , southeastern
Turkey , northeastern
Syria and northwestern
Iran in
Upper Mesopotamia . There is a testified historical
continuity between ancient Assyrians and modern Assyrians, for the majority of Assyrians in the same land that they have lived in since antiquity: (
Assyria ,
Athura ,
Roman Assyria , &
Asoristan ), before the
Arabization of
Upper Mesopotamia , that corresponds with old Assyria (originally speakers of the
Akkadian language but in antiquity, by the end of the 1st millennium BC, Assyrians adopted the
Aramaic language from
Aramaeans as an official language of the
Assyrian Empire and in present times speak
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic . However, not all Assyrians identify as Assyrian, and several are from peoples that adopted an Assyrian ethnic identity (see
terms for Syriac Christians ).
[68]
West Semitic peoples
South Semitic peoples
Bathari people:
Dhofar , Southern
Oman . Descendants from the original people of
Dhofar before
Arabization .[
citation needed ]
Harasis :
Jiddat al-Harasis , Central
Oman . Descendants from the original people of
South Arabia before
Arabization .[
citation needed ]
Hobyót people:
Dhofar , Southern
Oman , Far Eastern
Yemen . Descendants from the original people of
Dhofar before
Arabization .[
citation needed ]
Mehris :
Al Mahrah , Eastern
Yemen ,
Dhofar , Southern
Oman . Descendants from the original people of
Dhofar before
Arabization .[
citation needed ]
Shehri people/
Jibbali people:
Dhofar , Southern
Oman . Descendants from the original people of
Dhofar before
Arabization .[
citation needed ]
Soqotri people:
Soqotra island and group of islands, southeast of mainland
Yemen ,
Indian Ocean . Descendants from the original natives of
South Arabia before
Arabization .[
citation needed ]
Bedouin (Badawī) of the interior deserts of
Arabia and
Syria .[
citation needed ]
Druze (Al-Muwaḥḥidūn/Al-Muwaḥḥidīn/Ahl al-Tawḥīd): of
Jabal al-Druze ,
Syria ,
Lebanon ,
Jordan and
Israel . The faith of the Druze is a blend of
Islam 's
Ismailism ,
Judaism ,
Christianity ,
Neoplatonism ,
Pythagoreanism ,
Gnosticism and
Greek philosophy .[
citation needed ] The foundational text of the faith is the
Epistles of Wisdom . Even though they have been a minority for their entire history, they have played a significant role in shaping the history of the
Levant . Although the faith originally developed out of
Ismaili Islam , Druze are usually not considered Muslims. The oldest and most densely-populated Druze communities exist in
Mount Lebanon and in the south of Syria around
Jabal al-Druze (literally the "Mountain of the Druze").[
citation needed ]
Mandaeans [
citation needed ]
Marsh Dwellers /
Marsh Arabs (Ma'dan/ʻArab al-Ahwār): An Arabic-speaking people living in the
marshes of southern Iraq or on the Iranian side of the
Shatt al-Arab .
[69]
Northwest Semitic peoples
Arameans (Āramayē): Central and Western
Syria , ancient land of the
Aramaeans (
Aram ) in the
Levant , an
Aramaic -speaking people that descends from ancient
Aramaeans .[
citation needed ] In recent years, there has been an attempt to revive
Western Aramaic among
Aramean Christians living in the
Israeli village of
Jish .[
citation needed ]
Canaanite peoples [
citation needed ]
Jews :
[70] along with
Samaritans , descend from the
Israelite nation of the southern Levant, who are believed by archaeologists and historians to have branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous—and later monotheistic—religion centered on El/Yahweh,
[71]
[72]
[73] one of the Ancient Canaanite deities. A Jewish diaspora existed for several centuries before the fall of the
Second Temple , and their dwelling in other countries for the most part was not a result of compulsory dislocation.
[74] Following the
Roman
Siege of Jerusalem , destruction of
Herod's Temple , and failed Jewish revolts, some Jews were either expelled, taken as slaves to Rome, or massacred,
[75] while other Jews continued to live in the region over the centuries, despite the conversion of many Jews to Christianity and Islam as well as persecution by the various conquerors of the region, including the
Romans ,
Arabs ,
Ottomans , and the
British . Additionally, a substantial number of
diaspora Jews immigrated to Palestine during the 19th and 20th centuries (mainly under the Zionist movement), as well as after the modern State of
Israel was established in 1948. This was coupled with the
revival of Hebrew , the only
Canaanite language still spoken today. DNA studies show that many major diaspora Jewish communities derive a substantial portion of their ancestry from
ancient Israelites .
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]
There are competing claims that
Palestinian Arabs and
Jews are indigenous to
historic Palestine /the
Land of Israel .
[80]
[81]
[82] The argument entered the
Israeli–Palestinian conflict in the 1990s, with Palestinians claiming Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by Jewish settlement, and currently constituting a minority in the State of Israel.
[83] Israeli Jews have in turn claimed indigeneity based on
historic ties to the region and disputed the authenticity of Palestinian claims.
[84]
[85] In 2007, the
Negev Bedouin were officially "recognized as an indigenous people of Israel" by the United Nations.
[86] This has been criticized both by scholars associated with the Israeli state, who dispute the Bedouin's claim to indigeneity,
[87] and those who argue that recognising just one group of Palestinians as Indigenous risks undermining others' claims and "fetishising" nomadic cultures.
[88]
Armenian women in
Diyarbakır
Kurds wearing
traditional clothing
Yazidi festival at
Lalish
Baloch of
Nimruz Province , Afghanistan
North Africa
Shilha
Berbers in
Morocco
Sanhaja
Berber traditional dancers
Afroasiatic languages
Berbers (Imazighen):
Morocco ,
Tunisia ,
Algeria ,
Libya ,
Egypt ,
Mauritania , Mediterranean Coast,
Atlas Mountains (Idurar n Waṭlas), North and Western
Sahara
Eastern Berbers
Nafusa people :
Nafusa Mountains (Drar n infusen),
Tripolitania , northwestern
Libya
Zuwara Berbers :
Zuwara , coast of western
Tripolitania in northwestern
Libya .
Matmata Berbers :
Matmâta , southern
Tunisia
Djerba Berbers:
Djerba Island , southern
Tunisia coast
Sokna Berbers:
Sokna Oasis (Isuknan),
Fezzan , north central
Libya ,
Sahara
Awjila :
Awjila oasis,
Cyrenaica , eastern
Libya ,
Sahara
Ghadamès :
Ghadamès Oasis, Western
Libya ,
Sahara
Northern Berbers
Haratin : Indigenous population of the Maghreb and Sahara of uncertain origin; members now speak either
Berber languages or
Arabic ; inhabit
Morocco ,
Mauritania ,
Western Sahara ,
Algeria .
Serer - current habit
Senega ,
Gambia ,
Mauritania
Toubou :
Chad
Copts (Rem en Khēmi/Rem en Kēme):
Egypt , the majority of Egypt's population descended from
Ancient Egyptians
Beja : Northeastern
Sudan , between
Red Sea coast and almost to the
Nile River (
White Nile and
Blue Nile ) eastern banks, Far Northwest
Eritrea ,
Sahara
Eastern Desert , Far Southeast
Egypt
Siwi Berbers :
Siwa Oasis (Isiwan), western
Egypt ,
Sahara
Guanches :
Canary Islands ,
Spain
Central Asia
Pamiri people of
Tajikistan
Caucasus
Traditional
Adyghe clothing.
Indo-European peoples
Kartvelian peoples
Northeast Caucasian peoples
Avar-Andic peoples
Dargins (Darganti):
Dagestan ,
European Russia , Northern
Caucasus Mountains
Khinalug (Kettiturdur/Kayttiodur/Ketid/Ketsh Khalkh)
Lak people (Dagestan) :
Dagestan ,
European Russia , Northern
Caucasus Mountains
Lezgic peoples
Aghul (Agular):
Dagestan ,
European Russia , Northern
Caucasus Mountains
Archins (Arshishttib)
Budukh (
Budad )
Jeks (Cekad/Dzhekad)
Kryts (Kh'rytsha'/Kyrtuar)
Lezgians (Lezgiyar/Leqer):
Dagestan ,
European Russia , Northern
Caucasus Mountains
Rutul (Mykhabyr):
Dagestan ,
European Russia , Northern
Caucasus Mountains
Tabasarans :
Dagestan ,
European Russia , Northern
Caucasus Mountains
Tsakhur (Yiqby):
Azerbaijan , Southern
Caucasus Mountains
Udins (Udi/Uti): Northern
Azerbaijan , Southern
Caucasus Mountains
Nakh peoples
Tsezic (Didoic) peoples
Northwest Caucasian peoples
South Asia
Kalash in traditional dress
Kodava men in traditional attire, India
An Indigenous Assamese woman of
Assam
Veddha Chief Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, leader of the Indigenous people of
Sri Lanka
Indian subcontinent
Adivasis : collective term for many Indigenous peoples in
India (see also Scheduled Tribes in India)
Dravidian peoples
Badaga :
Tamil Nadu ,
South India
Gond :
Gondwana Land , Central India
Irula :
Tamil Nadu ,
South India
Kisan : Indigenous peoples of the
Odisha ,
East India
Kodava :
Kodagu ,
Karnataka ,
South India
Kota (Kothar/Kov):
Tamil Nadu ,
South India
Kuruba :
Andhra Pradesh ,
Karnataka ,
Tamil Nadu ,
South India
Tamil :
Tamil Nadu ,
South India and
Sri Lanka
Toda :
Tamil Nadu ,
South India
South Dravidian peoples
Indo-European peoples
Iranian peoples
Baloch : southeastern Iran and southwest Pakistan
Indo-Aryan peoples
Dard :
Dardistan ,
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa ,
Gilgit-Baltistan , Northern
Pakistan
Seraiki
Multan, Pakistan
Punjabi :
Lahore, Pakistan ,
Amristar & Delhi, India
Sindhi :
Sindh ,
Pakistan ,
India
Bengali :
Bangladesh ,
India
Gujarati :
India
Sindh, Pakistan
Banjara :
Rajasthan
Bhil people :
Gujarat ,
Rajasthan ,
Madhya Pradesh
Jaunsari people :
Uttarakhand
Dogras :
Jammu
Indigenous
Tharu woman from
Southern Nepal
Tharu :
Nepal ,
East India
Warli
Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples
Digaro peoples
Jumma people (a collective term for several peoples)
Indigenous peoples of Sikkim : India
Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples
Burusho :
Hunza and
Chitral districts,
Gilgit-Baltistan , Northern
Pakistan
Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples
Vedda (Wanniyala-Aetto):
Sri Lanka
Dhivehi :
Maldives
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Northeast Asia
Miao (
Hmong ) girls in China
Bunun dancer
China
Western China
North China
South China
Hmong-Mien peoples
Miao : Southern
China (provinces of
Guizhou ,
Yunnan ,
Sichuan ,
Hubei ,
Hunan ,
Guangxi ,
Guangdong and
Hainan ),
Myanmar , northern
Vietnam ,
Laos and
Thailand
Hmong :
Southern China ,
Vietnam and
Laos
Yao (Mien): Southern
China (provinces
Hunan ,
Guangdong ,
Guangxi ,
Guizhou , and
Yunnan )
Mongolia
Taiwan
Indigenous peoples of the island of
Taiwan
Japan
Korea
Siberia
Representation of a
Chukchi family by Louis Choris (1816)
Buryat
shaman of
Olkhon , Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia.
Nenets child
Over 40 distinct peoples, each with their own language and culture in the Asiatic part of
Russia (
Siberia /
North Asia ).
Southeast Asia
A
Wa woman carrying her child
S'gaw Karen girls of
Khun Yuam District ,
Mae Hong Son Province , Thailand
Akha girl in
Laos
Yi /Nuosu women
A Tai Dam lady
A
Murut man (a member of one of the
Dayak ethnicities) in Monsopiad Cultural Village, Kg. Kuai Kandazon,
Penampang ,
Sabah ,
Borneo Island
Ati woman, the
Philippines , 2007
[94] The
Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.
[95]
Europe
Irish Travellers in Cork
Some sources describe the Sámi as the only recognized indigenous peoples in Europe,
[97]
[98]
[99] with others describing them as the only indigenous people in the
European Union .
[100]
[101]
[102]
[103] Other groups, particularly in Central, Western and Southern Europe, that might be considered to fit the description of indigenous peoples in the
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 , such as the
Sorbs , are generally categorized as
national minorities instead.
[104]
Northern Europe
Eastern Europe
Western Europe
Americas
The
Americas consist of the supercontinent comprising
North and
South America , and associated islands.
List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:
North America
North America includes all of the continent and islands east of the
Bering Strait and north of the
Isthmus of Panama ; it includes
Greenland ,
Canada ,
United States ,
Mexico ,
Central American and
Caribbean countries . However a distinction can be made between a broader North America and a narrower
Northern America and
Middle America due to ethnic and cultural characteristics.
Arctic
Two
Inuit women in traditional
amauti (packing parkas)
Subarctic
Na-Dené peoples
Athabaskan peoples
Northern Athabaskan peoples
Métis : a mixed
Native American (from several peoples) and
European (from several peoples) people of
Canada .
Algonquians
Cree of
Montana ,
United States , and
Manitoba ,
Alberta , and
Saskatchewan , Canada.
Innu of Northeastern
Quebec , and Western
Labrador , Canada.
Annishinabe of
Quebec ,
Ontario , and
Manitoba , Canada, as well as
Kansas ,
Michigan ,
Minnesota ,
Oklahoma , and
Wisconsin , United States.
Beothuk of
Newfoundland , Canada.
Pacific Northwest Coast
Makah of
Washington ,
United States .
Quinault of
Washington ,
United States .
Nootka of
British Columbia ,
Canada .
Kwakiutl of
British Columbia ,
Canada .
Eyak of
Alaska ,
United States .
Haida of
British Columbia ,
Canada , and
Alaska ,
United States .
Tlingit of
Alaska ,
United States .
Tshimshian of
British Columbia ,
Canada , and
Alaska ,
United States .
Northwest Plateau-Great Basin-California
Northwest Plateau
Great Basin
Ute of
Utah ,
United States .
Shoshone of
Colorado ,
Nevada , and
Utah ,
United States .
Washoe of
Nevada ,
United States .
Paiute of
Colorado ,
California ,
Nevada , and
Utah ,
United States .
Pais of
Colorado ,
Arizona , and
New Mexico ,
United States , as well as
Baja California ,
Mexico .
California
Yuman-Cochimi peoples
Miwok of
California ,
United States .
Maidu of
California ,
United States .
Wintu of
California ,
United States .
Chumash of
California ,
United States .
Tongva of
California ,
United States .
Modoc of
California , and
Oregon ,
United States .
Athabaskans
Cahuilla of
California ,
United States .
Mojave of
California , and
Nevada ,
United States .
Uto-Aztecans
Karok of
California ,
United States .
Great Plains
Comanche of
Texas and
Oklahoma ,
United States .
Osage of
Kansas and
Nebraska ,
United States .
Sioux of
North Dakota ,
South Dakota , and
Minnesota ,
United States , as well as
Saskatchewan , and
Alberta ,
Canada .
Kiowa of
Texas , and
Oklahoma .
Crow of
Montana .
Omaha of
Nebraska .
Blackfoot of
Montana ,
United States ,
Alberta ,
Canada , and
Saskatchewan ,
Canada .
Eastern Woodlands
Northeastern Woodlands
Iroquoian peoples
Haudenosaunee of
New York ,
Wisconsin , and
Oklahoma ,
United States , as well as
Quebec and
Ontario ,
Canada .
Mohawk of
Quebec ,
Canada , and
New York ,
United States .
Seneca of
New York , and Oklahoma,
United States , as well as
Ontario ,
Canada .
Cayuga of
Oklahoma , and
New York ,
United States , as well as
Ontario ,
Canada .
Oneida of
Wisconsin and
New York ,
United States , as well as
Ontario ,
Canada .
Tuscarora of
New York ,
United States , and
Ontario ,
Canada .
Onondaga of
New York ,
United States , and
Ontario ,
Canada .
Wyandot of
Kansas ,
Michigan , and
Oklahoma ,
United States , as well as
Ontario ,
Canada .
Nation du chat of
Upstate New York ,
Ohio , and
Northwest Pennsylvania ,
United States .
Conestoga (
Susquehannock ) of
Pennsylvania ,
West Virginia ,
New York , and
Maryland (
United States ).
St. Lawrence Iroquoians :
St. Lawrence River ,
Quebec ,
Canada , and
New York ,
United States .
Monongahela :
Pennsylvania ,
West Virginia , and
Ohio ,
United States .
Nottoway of
Virginia ,
United States .
Westo of
Virginia and
South Carolina ,
United States .
Algic peoples
Algonquian peoples
Chowanoke of
North Carolina .
Carolina Algonquian
Powhatan Confederacy of
Virginia .
Wampanoag of
Massachusetts .
Wabanaki of
Maine ,
United States , and
New Brunswick and
Newfoundland ,
Canada .
Shawnee of the
Ohio River Valley , now
Oklahoma .
Central Algonquian peoples
Kikapú (
Kiikaapoa /
Kiikaapoi ): Indigenous peoples from
southeast Michigan ,
United States , also in
Coahuila ,
Mexico .
Peoria (Illiniwek)
Annishinabe
Ojibwe of
Minnesota ,
North Dakota , and
Michigan ,
United States , as well as
Ontario ,
Canada .
Potawatomi of
Michigan and
Indiana ,
United States , as well as
Ontario ,
Canada .
Odawa of
Oklahoma and
Michigan ,
United States , as well as
Ontario ,
Canada .
Cree of
Alberta ,
Manitoba ,
Ontario ,
Saskatchewan , and the
Northwest Territories ,
Canada , as well as
Montana ,
United States .
Southeastern Woodlands
Cherokee of
North Carolina ,
Georgia , and
Oklahoma .
Natchez of
Louisiana and
Arkansas .
Muskogeans
Indigenous peoples of Florida
Siouans
Caddoans
Caddo of
Texas ,
Arkansas , and
Louisiana .
Pawnee of
Oklahoma ,
Nebraska and
Kansas ,
United States .
Southern Plains villagers of
Western Oklahoma ,
Texas ,
Kansas , and Southeastern
Colorado .
Arikara of
North Dakota ,
United States .
Hidatsa of
North Dakota ,
United States .
Wichita of
Oklahoma ,
Kansas , and
Texas ,
United States .
Southwest
Mesoamerica
Tzeltal dancers waiting to perform,
San Cristobal
Mayan family from
Yucatán
Amuzgos in traditional dress
Mazatec girls performing a dance in
Huautla de Jimenez
Huichol woman and child
Central America
Central America is generally defined as a subregion in North America located between the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the
Darién Gap .
Mam people
Mesoamerica
Isthmo-Colombian Area
A
Kuna woman in traditional dress
Umalali featuring the Garifuna Collective on the Peace Corps World Stage at
Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2011
South America
Emberá women
Urarina
shaman , 1988
Bororo -Boe man from Mato Grosso at Brazil's
Indigenous Games , 2007
Pai Tavytera people in
Amambay Department , Paraguay, 2012
Quechua woman and child in the
Sacred Valley , Peru
South America generally includes all of the continent and islands south of the
Isthmus of Panama .
Isthmo-Colombian Area
Amazon
Guianas
Eastern Highlands (Brazilian Highlands)
Chaco
Central Andes
Southern Cone
Araucania
Patagonia
Caribbean
Portrait of the Kali'na exhibited at the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris in 1892
The
West Indies , or the
Caribbean , generally includes the island chains of the
Caribbean Sea , namely the
Lucayan Archipelago , the
Greater Antilles , and the
Lesser Antilles .
Oceania
Oceania includes most islands of the Pacific Ocean,
New Guinea ,
New Zealand and the continent of
Australia .
List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:
Australia
Aboriginal farmers in Victoria, Australia, 1858
Indigenous Australians include
Aboriginal Australians on the
mainland and
Tiwi Islands as well as
Torres Strait Islander peoples from the
Torres Strait Islands .
Western Desert
Pama-Nyungan peoples
Kunapa :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Pini :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Spinifex :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Wangkatha :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Warumungu :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Wati peoples
Antakirinja :
South Australia ,
Australia
Kokatha :
South Australia ,
Australia
Luritja :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Madoidja :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Maduwongga :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Martu peoples
Marrngu peoples
Ngaanyatjarra :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Ngaatjatjarra :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Pintupi :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Pitjantjatjara :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Wangkatjunga :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Yankunytjatjara :
South Australia ,
Australia
Yulparija :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Yumu :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Yankuntjatjarra :
South Australia ,
Australia
Mirndi peoples
Kimberley
Bunuban peoples
Jarrakan peoples
Nyulnyulan peoples
Nyulnyulic peoples
Bardi :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Jabirr Jabirr :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Jawi :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Nimanburru :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Nyulnyul :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Dyukun peoples
Jugun :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Ngombal :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Nyigina :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Warrwa :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Yawuru :
Dampier Peninsula ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Worrorran peoples
Northwest
Pama-Nyungan peoples
Ngayarda peoples
Bailgu :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Inawongga :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Jadira :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Kurrama :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Mardudunera :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Ngarla :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Ngarluma :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Niabali :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Nhuwala :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Nyamal :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Panyjima :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Tjuroro :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Kanyara-Mantharta peoples
Kanyara peoples
Baiyungu :
Gascoyne region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Binigura :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Buruna :
Mid West region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Thalanyji :
Pilbara region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Yinikutira :
Exmouth, Western Australia ,
Australia
Mantharta peoples
Kartu peoples
Badimaya :
Mid West region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Maia :
Mid West region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Malgana :
Mid West region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Nanda :
Mid West region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Nokaan :
Mid West region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Wajarri :
Mid West region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Widi :
Mid West region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Yingkarta :
Gascoyne region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Southwest
Pama-Nyungan peoples
Nyungic peoples
Noongar peoples
Amangu :
Geraldton Sandplains ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Ballardong :
Avon Wheatbelt ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Yued :
Swan Coastal Plain ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Kaneang :
Jarrah Forest ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Koreng :
Mallee ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Mineng :
Warren ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Njakinjaki :
Avon Wheatbelt ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Njunga :
Esperance Plains ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Bibulman :
Warren ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Pindjarup :
Jarrah Forest ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Wardandi :
Swan Coastal Plain ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Whadjuk :
Jarrah Forest ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Wiilman :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Wudjari :
Mallee ,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Kalaako :
Goldfields–Esperance region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Kalamaia :
Western Australia ,
Australia
Mirning peoples
Yingkarta :
Gascoyne region,
Western Australia ,
Australia
Fitzmaurice Basin
Yirram peoples
Macro-Gunwinyguan peoples
Daly peoples
Wagaydic peoples
Mulluk-Mulluk :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Western Daly peoples
Emmiyangal :
Anson Bay ,
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Marranunggu :
Daly River ,
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Menthe :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Marrithiyal :
Daly River ,
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Maramanindji :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Marridan :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Marri Amu :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Marri Tjevin :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Marijedi :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Marri Ngarr :
Moyle River ,
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Mati Ke :
Wadeye, Northern Territory ,
Australia
Eastern Daly peoples
Southern Daly peoples
Arnhem Land
Pama-Nyungan peoples
Macro-Gunwinyguan peoples
Maningrida peoples
Burarra :
Maningrida, Northern Territory ,
Australia
Gadjalivia :
Blyth River ,
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Gunavidji :
Maningrida, Northern Territory ,
Australia
Gurr-Goni :
Maningrida, Northern Territory ,
Australia
Nagara :
Blyth River ,
Northern Territory ,
Australia
East Arnhem peoples
Marran peoples
Gaagudju :
Northern Territory ,
Australia
Gunwinyguan peoples
Iwaidjan peoples
Marrku-Wurrugu peoples
Top End
Gulf Country
Cape York
West Cape
Pama-Nyungan peoples
Paman peoples
North Cape York Paman peoples
Djagaraga :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Tjungundji :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Injinoo :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Luthigh :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Mbewum :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Tjungundji :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Totj :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Unduyamo :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Wik peoples
Wik-Mungkan :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Kugu Nganhcara :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Wiknatanja :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Wik Me'anh :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Wik Epa :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Wik Elken :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Wik Paach :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Wik Ompom :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Wimaranga :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Winduwinda :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Thaypan peoples
East Cape
Pama-Nyungan peoples
Paman peoples
North Cape York Paman peoples
Yadhaykenu :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Wuthathi :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Kaantju ,
Coen, Queensland ,
Australia
Pakadji :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Uutaalnganu :
Cape York Peninsula ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Lamalamic peoples
Northeast Paman peoples
Daintree Rainforest
Lake Eyre Basin
Spencer Gulf
Pama-Nyungan peoples
Thura-Yura peoples
Wirangu :
South Australia ,
Australia
Nauo :
Eyre Peninsula ,
South Australia ,
Australia
Barngarla :
Eyre Peninsula ,
South Australia ,
Australia
Kuyani :
South Australia ,
Australia
Adnyamathanha :
Flinders Ranges ,
South Australia ,
Australia
Malyangapa :
New South Wales ,
Australia
Ngadjuri :
South Australia ,
Australia
Nukunu :
South Australia ,
Australia
Narungga :
Yorke Peninsula ,
South Australia ,
Australia
Kaurna :
Adelaide Plains ,
South Australia ,
Australia
Peramangk :
Adelaide Plains ,
South Australia ,
Australia
Murray-Darling Basin
Northeast
Pama-Nyungan peoples
Lower Burdekin peoples
Maric peoples
Biri peoples
Gugu-Badhun :
Burdekin River ,
Queensland ,
Australia
Yilba :
Mackay, Queensland ,
Australia
Gia :
Queensland ,
Australia
Biria :
Queensland ,
Australia
Yambina :
Queensland ,
Australia
Garaynbal :
Queensland ,
Australia
Yangga :
Queensland ,
Australia
Baranha :
Queensland ,
Australia
Miyan :
Queensland ,
Australia
Yuwibara :
Queensland ,
Australia
Kingkel peoples
Waka-Kabic peoples
Southeast
Pama-Nyungan peoples
Yugambeh-Bundjalung peoples
Gumbaynggiric peoples
Anēwan :
Northern Tablelands ,
New South Wales ,
Australia
Yuin-Kuric peoples
Djangadi :
Macleay Valley ,
New South Wales ,
Australia
Geawegal :
Hunter Valley ,
New South Wales ,
Australia
Worimi :
New South Wales ,
Australia
Wonnarua :
New South Wales ,
Australia
Awabakal :
New South Wales ,
Australia
Eora :
New South Wales ,
Australia
Darug :
New South Wales ,
Australia
Gandangara :
New South Wales ,
Australia
Tharawal :
Sydney ,
New South Wales ,
Australia
Ngarigo :
New South Wales and
Victoria ,
Australia
Koori :
New South Wales and
Victoria ,
Australia
Gippsland peoples
Kulinic peoples
Tasmania
Torres Strait Islands
Melanesia
Fijians
Melanesia generally includes
New Guinea and other (far-)western Pacific islands from the
Arafura Sea out to
Fiji . The region is mostly inhabited by the
Melanesian peoples.
Micronesia
Micronesia generally includes the various small island chains of the western and central Pacific. The region is mostly inhabited by the
Micronesian peoples .
Polynesia
Samoan family
Polynesia includes
New Zealand and the islands of
Oceania , and has various Indigenous populations.
[111]
Circumpolar
Circumpolar peoples is an umbrella term for the various Indigenous peoples of the
Arctic .
List of peoples by ethnolinguistic grouping:
See also
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
References
Notes
^ Also known as First peoples , First nations , Aboriginal peoples , Native peoples , Indigenous Natives , or Autochthonous peoples . Since 2020, most style guides have recommend capitalization of "Indigenous" when referring to specific Indigenous peoples as
ethnic groups , nations, and the citizens or members of these groups.
[114]
[115]
[116]
[117]
[118]
^ The Indigenous people of Vanuatu make up more than 95 percent of a country of just under a quarter of a million people (who speak more than 111 different languages), recognized by the United Nations as simultaneously having Least Developed status and having the world’s greatest cultural and linguistic diversity.
[113]
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