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Yuka – a woolly mammoth mummy on display in Moscow

This is a list of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies. It includes all known species that have had their tissues partially preserved within the permafrost layer of the Arctic and Subarctic. Most went extinct during the Late Pleistocene extinctions while some are still extant today. They have been listed too the most specific known taxonomic rank.

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Permafrost mummies provide crucial insights into the physiology and life histories of Pleistocene organisms, due to how well the preservation process keeps the specimens from decomposing. The constant presence of permafrost is able to preserve the soft tissues of organisms through a process similar to freeze-drying. [1] With such complete preservation of tissues, it is possible to determine numerous things from the such as: DNA, eDNA, [2] evolutionary history, [3] gut contents, [4] and trophic dynamics. [5] Studies have even shown that the process is so complete there is evidence of nucleic activity. [6]

Some of these specimens are on display at the Kingdom of the Permafrost museum near Yakutsk. [7]

(E) - denote an extinct species

Artiodactyla (Even-toed ungulates)

Bovidae (Bovines)

Cervidae (Deer)

Carnivora

Canidae (Dogs)

Felidae (Cats)

Mustelidae

Ursidae (Bears)

Lagomorpha

Ochotonidae (Pika)

Leporidae (Rabbits and hares)

Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates)

Equidae (Horses)

Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceroses)

Proboscidea

Elephantidae (Elephants)

Rodentia (Rodents)

Cricetidae

  • Microtus spp. [9]

Sciuridae (Squirrels)

Passeriformes (Perching Birds)

Alaudidae (Larks)

  • Eremophila spp. Ancestral horned lark (E) [21]

References

  1. ^ a b Harington, C. R. (2007-01-01), "Vertebrate Records | Late Pleistocene Mummified Mammals", in Elias, Scott A. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 3197–3202, doi: 10.1016/b0-44-452747-8/00267-2, ISBN  978-0-444-52747-9, retrieved 2024-02-29
  2. ^ Kjær, Kurt H.; Winther Pedersen, Mikkel; De Sanctis, Bianca; De Cahsan, Binia; Korneliussen, Thorfinn S.; Michelsen, Christian S.; Sand, Karina K.; Jelavić, Stanislav; Ruter, Anthony H.; Schmidt, Astrid M. A.; Kjeldsen, Kristian K.; Tesakov, Alexey S.; Snowball, Ian; Gosse, John C.; Alsos, Inger G. (2022). "A 2-million-year-old ecosystem in Greenland uncovered by environmental DNA". Nature. 612 (7939): 283–291. Bibcode: 2022Natur.612..283K. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05453-y. ISSN  1476-4687. PMC  9729109. PMID  36477129.
  3. ^ Orlando, Ludovic; Ginolhac, Aurélien; Zhang, Guojie; Froese, Duane; Albrechtsen, Anders; Stiller, Mathias; Schubert, Mikkel; Cappellini, Enrico; Petersen, Bent; Moltke, Ida; Johnson, Philip L. F.; Fumagalli, Matteo; Vilstrup, Julia T.; Raghavan, Maanasa; Korneliussen, Thorfinn (2013). "Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse". Nature. 499 (7456): 74–78. Bibcode: 2013Natur.499...74O. doi: 10.1038/nature12323. ISSN  1476-4687. PMID  23803765.
  4. ^ a b Rudaya, Natalia; Protopopov, Albert; Trofimova, Svetlana; Plotnikov, Valery; Zhilich, Snezhana (2015). "Landscapes of the 'Yuka' mammoth habitat: A palaeobotanical approach". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 214: 1–8. Bibcode: 2015RPaPa.214....1R. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.12.003. ISSN  0034-6667.
  5. ^ Diedrich, Cajus G. (2022). "Thick skin cutters of Siberian frozen mummies—The coevolutionary adaptation of Eurasian Ice Age spotted hyenas". Acta Zoologica. 103 (2): 220–241. doi: 10.1111/azo.12366. ISSN  0001-7272.
  6. ^ Yamagata, Kazuo; Nagai, Kouhei; Miyamoto, Hiroshi; Anzai, Masayuki; Kato, Hiromi; Miyamoto, Kei; Kurosaka, Satoshi; Azuma, Rika; Kolodeznikov, Igor I.; Protopopov, Albert V.; Plotnikov, Valerii V.; Kobayashi, Hisato; Kawahara-Miki, Ryouka; Kono, Tomohiro; Uchida, Masao (2019-03-11). "Signs of biological activities of 28,000-year-old mammoth nuclei in mouse oocytes visualized by live-cell imaging". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 4050. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...9.4050Y. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40546-1. ISSN  2045-2322. PMC  6411884. PMID  30858410.
  7. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Fessenden, Maris. "Ice Age Cave Lion Cubs and a Look Back at Permafrost Mummies". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  8. ^ Kirillova, Irina V.; Zanina, Oksana G.; Chernova, Olga F.; Lapteva, Elena G.; Trofimova, Svetlana S.; Lebedev, Vladimir S.; Tiunov, Alexei V.; Soares, Andre E. R.; Shidlovskiy, Fedor K.; Shapiro, Beth (September 2015). "An ancient bison from the mouth of the Rauchua River (Chukotka, Russia)". Quaternary Research. 84 (2): 232–245. Bibcode: 2015QuRes..84..232K. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2015.06.003. ISSN  0033-5894.
  9. ^ a b c d e Guthrie, R. Dale. Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  10. ^ Meachen, Julie; Wooller, Matthew J.; Barst, Benjamin D.; Funck, Juliette; Crann, Carley; Heath, Jess; Cassatt-Johnstone, Molly; Shapiro, Beth; Hall, Elizabeth; Hewitson, Susan; Zazula, Grant (2020). "A mummified Pleistocene gray wolf pup". Current Biology. 30 (24): R1467–R1468. Bibcode: 2020CBio...30R1467M. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.011. ISSN  0960-9822. PMID  33352124.
  11. ^ "Extinct lion cubs found in Siberia are up to 55,000 years old - latest test results reveal". siberiantimes.com. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  12. ^ Youngman, P. M. (1994-05-31). "Beringian Ferrets: Mummies, Biogeography, and Systematics". Journal of Mammalogy. 75 (2): 454–461. doi: 10.2307/1382567. ISSN  1545-1542. JSTOR  1382567.
  13. ^ Baryshnikov, G. F. (2015). Late pleistocene Ursidae and Mustelidae remains (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Geographical Society Cave in the Russian Far East. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science (published November 1, 2015).
  14. ^ России, Министерство образования и науки (14 September 2020). "Северо-Восточный федеральный университет им. М.К. Аммосова, СВФУ". Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  15. ^ Guthrie, R. D. (1973-12-14). "Mummified Pika (Ochotona) Carcass and Dung Pellets from Pleistocene Deposits in Interior Alaska". Journal of Mammalogy. 54 (4): 970–971. doi: 10.2307/1379093. ISSN  1545-1542. JSTOR  1379093.
  16. ^ "Perfectly-preserved ancient foal is shown to the world for the first time". siberiantimes.com. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  17. ^ Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Potapova, Olga R.; Protopopov, Albert V.; Plotnikov, Valery V.; Maschenko, Eugeny N.; Shchelchkova, Marina V.; Petrova, Ekaterina A.; Kowalczyk, Rafal; van der Plicht, Johannes; Tikhonov, Alexey N. (2018-07-01). "A study of a frozen mummy of a wild horse from the Holocene of Yakutia, East Siberia, Russia". Mammal Research. 63 (3): 307–314. doi: 10.1007/s13364-018-0362-4. ISSN  2199-241X.
  18. ^ Ukraintseva, Valentina V., ed. (2013), "The Selerikan horse", Mammoths and the Environment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 87–105, doi: 10.1017/cbo9781139225328.009, ISBN  978-1-107-02716-9, retrieved 2024-02-29
  19. ^ Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Lazarev, Peter A.; Sher, Andrei V.; Davydov, Sergei P.; Bakulina, Nadezhda T.; Shchelchkova, Marina V.; Binladen, Jonas; Willerslev, Eske; Buigues, Bernard; Tikhonov, Alexey N. (2011-08-01). "Woolly rhino discovery in the lower Kolyma River". Quaternary Science Reviews. Beringia and Beyond: Papers Celebrating the Scientific Career of Andrei Vladimirovich Sher, 1939–2008. 30 (17): 2262–2272. Bibcode: 2011QSRv...30.2262B. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.010. ISSN  0277-3791.
  20. ^ "30,000 year-old arctic ground squirrel discovered in the Yukon". Yukon News. 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  21. ^ Dussex, Nicolas; Stanton, David W. G.; Sigeman, Hanna; Ericson, Per G. P.; Gill, Jacquelyn; Fisher, Daniel C.; Protopopov, Albert V.; Herridge, Victoria L.; Plotnikov, Valery; Hansson, Bengt; Dalén, Love (2020-02-21). "Biomolecular analyses reveal the age, sex and species identity of a near-intact Pleistocene bird carcass". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 84. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-0806-7. ISSN  2399-3642. PMC  7035339. PMID  32081985.
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