 |
This is a purported list of ancient humans remains, including mummies, that may have been DNA tested. Provided as evidence of the testing are links to the mitochondrial DNA sequences, and/or to the human haplogroups to which each case has been assigned. Also provided is a brief description of when and where they lived.[ according to whom?] Entries lacking a citation should be viewed with skepticism; in particular, cases with no sequence or haplogroup links, with citation, have no evidentiary basis for appearing.
mtDNA and YDNA tests
The following mummies have undergone mtDNA ( mitochondrial DNA) and YDNA tests, of remains with the indicated name, from the indicated locations:
| Name | Original Location of Remains |
Date Lived (years ago) |
Mitochondrial DNA sequence | mtDNA Haplogroup | Y-DNA Haplogroup |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paglicci 23 | Italy | 28,000 [1] | CRS [2] | H[ citation needed] | |
| Paglicci 25 | Italy | 23,000 [3] | 7,025 AluI, 00073A, 11719G, 12308A [4] | HV [4] | |
| TAF009
TAF010 TAF011 TAF012 TAF013 TAF014 TAF015 |
Morocco | 15,100-13,900
[5]
15,100-13,900 [5] 15,100-13,900 [5] 15,100-13,900 [5] 15,100-13,900 [5] 15,100-13,900 [5] 15,100-13,900 [5] |
U6a6b
[5]
U6a7b [5] U6a7 [5] U6a7 [5] U6a7b [5] |
E1b1b1a1b1
[5]
E1b1b1a1 [5] E1b1b1a1 [5] N/A [5] E1b1b1a1 [5] E1b1b1a1 [5] | |
| Cheddar Man | England | >9,000[ citation needed] | 16192T,[ citation needed] 16270T[ citation needed] | U5b1 [6] | I2-L38 (I2a2) [7] |
| Ötzi the Iceman | Austria/Italy | 5,300 [8] | K. [9] [10] | G2a2b [11] | |
| Nakht-Ankh | Egypt | 4,000 [12] | M1a1 [12] | ||
| Khnum-Nakht | Egypt | 4,000 [12] | M1a1 [12] | ||
| Djehutynakht (10A) | Egypt | 4,000 [13] | U5b2b5 [13] | ||
| Queen Tiye | Egypt | 3,390 [14] | K [14] | ||
| JK2887
JK2134 JK2911 JK2888 |
Egypt | 3,410-3,333
[15]
2,798-2,591 [15] 2,791-2,582 [15] 2,119-2,024 [15] |
J2a1a1 [15] | N/A [15] | |
| Tel Shadud Canaanite Nobelman | Israel | 3,300 [16] | R1b [16] | ||
| Tel Shadud specimen L126 | Israel | 3,300 [16] | Haplogroup I5a1 [16] | J [16] | |
| Tutankhamun | Egypt | 3,342 [14] | K [14] | R1b [14] | |
| Ramesses III | Egypt | 3,200 [17] | E1b1a [18] | ||
| Pentawer | Egypt | 3,200 [17] | E1b1a [18] | ||
| Takabuti | Egypt | 2,600 [19] | H4a1 [19] | ||
| OM:KMM A 64
YM:KMM A 63 |
Egypt | 2,320
[20]
2,300 [20] |
T2c1a [20] | ||
| The Norwich Anglo-Saxon | England | 1,000[ citation needed] | 16189A,[ citation needed] 16223T,[ citation needed] 16271C,[ citation needed] 16278T[ citation needed] | X[ citation needed] | |
| Juanita the Ice Maiden | Peru | 500[ citation needed] | 16111T, 16223T, 16290T, 16319A [21] | A[ citation needed] | |
| Young Man of Byrsa | Tunisia | late 6th century BCE | U5b2c1 [22] | ||
| 500-year-old Inca child | Argentina | 500 [23] | C1b [23] |
DNA tests
The following mummies have undergone DNA tests, of remains with the indicated name, from the indicated locations:[ citation needed]
| Name | Original Location of Remains |
Date Lived (years ago) |
DNA sequence | Y-DNA Haplogroup |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuya | Egypt | 3,390 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Yuya | Egypt | 3,390 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Tiye (Elder Lady KV35) | Egypt | 3,370 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Amenhotep III | Egypt | 3,370 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV55 mummy | Egypt | 3,350 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV35 Younger Lady | Egypt | 3,390 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Tutankhamun | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV21 Mummy A | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV21 Mummy B | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D2S1338,
D16S539, CSF1PO [24] |
|
| KV62 Fetus 1 | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV62 Fetus 2 | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
See also
- Ancient DNA
- Cambridge Reference Sequence
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
- List of genetic results derived from historical figures
- List of mummies
References
- ^ Kambiz Kamrani (2006). "The 28,000 Year Old Paglicci 23 Cro-Magnon mtDNA Ain't Neandertal — It Is More Modern Than Anything Else". Anthropology.net. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- ^ Caramelli, David; Vai, Stefania (July 2008). "A 28,000 Years Old Cro-Magnon mtDNA Sequence Differs from All Potentially Contaminating Modern Sequences". PLoS ONE. 3 (7): e2700. Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.2700C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002700. PMC 2444030. PMID 18628960.
- ^ Mallegni, F; Bertoldi, F; Manolis, S.K. (1999). "The Gravettian female human skeleton from Grotta Paglicci, south Italy". HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology. 50 (2): 127–148.
- ^ a b Caramelli, David; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; et al. (May 27, 2003). "Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans". PNAS. 100 (11): 6593–6597. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..100.6593C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1130343100. PMC 164492. PMID 12743370.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u van de Loosdrecht; et al. (2018-03-15). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode: 2018Sci...360..548V. doi: 10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507.
- ^ Brace, Selina; et al. (18 February 2018). "Population Replacement in Early Neolithic Britain". bioRxiv 10.1101/267443.
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^ Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan D.; et al. (1994).
"AMS 14
C
Age Determination of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötzal Ice Man" (PDF). Radiocarbon. 36 (2): 247–250. doi: 10.1017/s0033822200040534. Retrieved February 4, 2016. - ^ Ermini, Luca; Olivieri, Cristina; et al. (November 11, 2008). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman". Current Biology. 18 (21): 1687–93. Bibcode: 2008CBio...18.1687E. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.028. PMID 18976917. S2CID 13983702.
- ^ Endicott, Phillip; Sanchez, Juan J; et al. (2009). "Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay: The singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman". BMC Genetics. 10: 29. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-29. PMC 2717998. PMID 19545382.
- ^ Keller, Andreas; Graefen, Angela; et al. (February 28, 2012). "New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing". Nature Communications. 3: 698. Bibcode: 2012NatCo...3..698K. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1701. PMID 22426219.
- ^ a b c d Ancient DNA results end 4,000-year-old Egyptian mummy mystery
- ^ a b Loreille, Odile; Ratnayake, Shashikala; Bazinet, Adam L.; Stockwell, Timothy B.; Sommer, Daniel D.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Johnson, Philip L. F.; Skoglund, Pontus; Onorato, Anthony J.; Bergman, Nicholas H. (March 2018). "Biological Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head to Assess the Potential of Nuclear DNA Recovery from the Most Damaged and Limited Forensic Specimens". Genes. 9 (3): 135. doi: 10.3390/genes9030135. PMC 5867856. PMID 29494531.
- ^ a b c d e Gad, Yehia Z; Hassan, Naglaa Abu-Mandil; Mousa, Dalia M; Fouad, Fayrouz A; El-Sayed, Safaa G; Abdelazeem, Marwa A; Mahdy, Samah M; Othman, Hend Y; Ibrahim, Dina W; Khairat, Rabab; Ismail, Somaia (2020-10-15). "Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship". Human Molecular Genetics. 30 (R1): R24–R28. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa223. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 33059357.
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- ^ a b c d e The Canaanite Nobelman of Tel Shadud - Levantine R1b?
- ^ a b "Study reveals that Pharaoh's throat was cut during royal coup" (Press release). BMJ. 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
- ^ a b Hawass, Zahi; Ismail, Somaia; Selim, Ashraf; Saleem, Sahar N.; Fathalla, Dina; Wasef, Sally; Gad, Ahmed Z.; Saad, Rama; Fares, Suzan; Amer, Hany; Gostner, Paul; Gad, Yehia Z.; Pusch, Carsten M.; Zink, Albert R. (December 17, 2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study". BMJ. 345: e8268. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8268. hdl: 10072/62081. PMID 23247979. S2CID 206896841. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ a b "Shocking truth behind Takabuti's death revealed". Shocking truth behind Takabuti’s death revealed. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
- ^ a b c d Oras, Ester; Anderson, Jaanika; Tõrv, Mari; Vahur, Signe; Rammo, Riina; Remmer, Sünne; Mölder, Maarja; Malve, Martin; Saag, Lehti; Saage, Ragnar; Teearu-Ojakäär, Anu (2020-01-16). "Multidisciplinary investigation of two Egyptian child mummies curated at the University of Tartu Art Museum, Estonia (Late/Graeco-Roman Periods)". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0227446. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1527446O. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227446. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6964855. PMID 31945091.
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- ^ a b Gómez-Carballa A, Catelli L, Pardo-Seco J, et al. (November 12, 2015). "The complete mitogenome of a 500-year-old Inca child mummy". Sci Rep. 5: 16462. Bibcode: 2015NatSR...516462G. doi: 10.1038/srep16462. PMC 4642457. PMID 26561991.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hawass, Zahi; Gad, Y. Z.; Ismail, S.; Khairat, R.; Fathalla, D.; Hasan, N.; Ahmed, A.; Elleithy, H.; Ball, M.; Gaballah, F.; Wasef, S.; Fateen, M.; Amer, H.; Gostner, P.; Selim, A.; Zink, A.; Pusch, C. M. (2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family". JAMA. 303 (7): 638–47. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872.
Further reading
- Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen (August 3, 2005). "Mosaics of ancient mitochondrial DNA: positive indicators of nonauthenticity". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (10): 1106–1112. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201476. PMID 16077732.
- The Seven Daughters of Eve by Bryan Sykes.[ clarification needed][ full citation needed][ pages needed]