Armillaria species form fleshy, white-
spored mushrooms with a cottony or membranous
veil that typically forms a distinct
annulus on the
stem. The
fruit bodies usually occur in autumn in large clusters at the base of the stem or roots. Armillaria species can produce
rhizomorphs—rootlike aggregations of
hyphae—that can form massive, long-lasting underground networks. The growth of the rhizomorph networks allows for tree-to-tree spread of the fungus even when direct contact between diseased and healthy plants is not possible.[6]
The genus once served as a
wastebasket taxon for many
agaric mushrooms with a white
spore print, gills attached to the stem, and an annulus. Due largely to differing interpretations on the limits of the genus, over 270 species and
varieties have been placed in Armillaria or its
synonymArmillariella. A comprehensive 1995 study by Tom Volk and Harold Burdsall evaluated all of the
epithets that have been used in Armillaria or Armillariella. They determined that about 40 species belong to Armillariasensu stricto (in the strict sense); the remaining names belong to species that are distributed among 43 other modern fungal genera.[7]
Many species are difficult or impossible to distinguish from each other using observable characteristics; laboratory
incompatibility tests are often used on
pure cultures to reliably determine species. Because of the difficulties posed by routine species identification, the use of
DNA sequencing and
phylogenetic approaches has become a standard method to help clarify relationships between species. Species differ in their geographical distribution and ecological position,
host specificity, microscopic and macroscopic features, and also in their aggressiveness in colonizing wood hosts. The following list of Armillaria species is based on the
taxonomic overviews provided by Volk and Burdsall in 1995,[8]David Pegler in 2000,[9] and reports of new species that have been published since then.[10][11][12]
The
author citation—the person who first
described the species using an available scientific name, eventually combined with the one who placed it in Armillaria, and using standardized abbreviations.
Year
The year in which the species was named, or transferred to the genus Armillaria. Where the actual year of publication (as defined for the purpose of
priority) differs from the date given in the material, the latter date is given in quotes.
Distribution
The distribution of the species; unless otherwise indicated, this information is obtained from Volk and Burdsall (1995), and Pegler (2000).
^The original spelling of the species name was cepaestipes.[19]
^This was a
nomen novum for Robert Heim's Clitocybe elegans,[28] as Maurice Beeli had described Armillaria elegans[29] in 1927 (that species is now placed in Cystodermella).[30]
^
abA. montagnei and A. luteobubalina may represent the same species. If this is so, its correct epithet would be montagnei.[11]
^This species was known as Armillaria ostoyae until a 2008 publication revealed that
Charles Horton Peck had described the taxon under a different name in 1900.[45]
^Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 49.
ISBN978-0-85199-826-8.
^Tainter FH, Baker FA (1996). Principles of Forest Pathology. Chichester: Wiley. p. 424.
ISBN978-0-471-12952-3.
^Cha JY, Igarashi T (1995). "Armillaria species associated with Gastrodia elata in Japan". European Journal of Forest Pathology. 25 (6–7): 319–26.
doi:
10.1111/j.1439-0329.1995.tb01347.x.
^Mihail JD, Bruhn JN (2007). "Dynamics of bioluminescence by Armillaria gallica, A. mellea and A. tabescens". Mycologia. 99 (3): 341–50.
doi:
10.3852/mycologia.99.3.341.
PMID17883025.
^Pegler DN. (2000). "Taxonomy, nomenclature and description of Armillaria". In Fox RTV (ed.). Armillaria Root Rot: Biology and Control of Honey Fungus. Andover, Hants, UK: Intercept. pp. 81–93.
ISBN978-1-898298-64-9.
^
abcLima MLA, Asai T, Capelari M (2008). "Armillaria paulensis: a new South American species". Mycological Research. 112 (9): 1122–28.
doi:
10.1016/j.mycres.2008.03.006.
PMID18692378.
^
abBrazee NJ, Ortiz-Santana B, Banik MT, Lindner DL (2012). "Armillaria altimontana, a new species from the western interior of North America". Mycologia. 104 (5): 1200–5.
doi:
10.3852/11-409.
PMID22505437.
S2CID24220972.
^Chandra A, Watling R (1981). "Studies in Indian Armillaria (Fries per Fries) Staude (Basidiomycotina)". Kavaka. 10: 63–84.
^Marxmüller H. (1982). "Étude morphologique des Armillaria ss.str. à anneau". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 98 (1): 87–124.
^
abVelenovský J. (1920).
České Houby (in Czech). Vol. 2. Prague, Czechoslovakia: České Botanické Společnosti. p. 283.
Archived from the original on 2017-08-05. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
^
abcdeOta Y, Sotome K, Hasegawa E (2009). "Seven Armillaria species identified from Hokkaido Island, northern Japan". Mycoscience. 50 (6): 442–47.
doi:
10.1007/s10267-009-0505-1.
S2CID85249295.
^
abcSaccardo PA. (1887). "Sylloge Hymenomycetum, Vol. I. Agaricineae". Sylloge Fungorum (in Latin). 5: 83–84.
^Lamoure D. (1965). "Charactères mycéliens et position taxinomique de Clitocybe ectypa (Fr.) F.Moreau". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 260 (4): 4561–63.
^
abcdKile GA, Watling R (1983). "Armillaria species from southeastern Australia". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 81 (1): 129–40.
doi:
10.1016/S0007-1536(83)80212-5.
^Petch T. (1909). "New Ceylon fungi". Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens Peradeniya. 4: 299–307.
^Marxmüller H. (1987). "Quelques remarques complémentaires sur les Armillaires annelées". Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 103 (2): 137–56.
^Heim R. (1963). "L'Armillariella elegans Heim". Revue de Mycologie (in French). 28: 85–94.
^
abBeeli M. (1927). "Contribution à l'étude de la flore mycologique du Congo II". Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique (in French). 59: 101–12.
^Pegler DN. (1977). A preliminary Agaric flora of East Africa. "Kew Bulletin, additional Series", 6. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. p. 92.
ISBN978-0-11-241101-7.
^
abCha JY, Sung JM, Igarashi T (1994). "Biological species and morphological characteristics of Armillaria mellea complex in Hokkaido: A. sinapina and two new species, A. jezoensis and A. singula". Mycoscience. 35 (1): 39–47.
doi:
10.1007/BF02268526.
S2CID83496798.
^Podger FD, Kile GA, Watling R, Fryer J (1978). "Spread and effects of Armillaria luteobubalina sp. nov. in an Australian Eucalyptus regnans plantation". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 71 (1): 77–87.
doi:
10.1016/S0007-1536(78)80009-6.
^
abcHerink J. (1973). "Taxonomie václavky obecné – Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kumm". In Hasek J (ed.). Sympozium o Václavce Obecné Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kumm (in Czech). Brno, Czechoslovakia: Vysoká Skola Zemĕdĕlská v Brné. pp. 21–48.
^Kile GA, Watling R (1988). "Identification and occurrence of Australian Armillaria species, including Armillaria pallidula sp. nov and comparative studies between them and non-Australian tropical and Indian Armillaria". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 91 (2): 305–15.
doi:
10.1016/S0007-1536(88)80219-5.
^
abSpegazzine C. (1889). "Fungi Puiggariani. Pugillus 1". Boletín, Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba (in Latin). 11 (4): 381–622.
^Bérubé JA, Dessureault M (1988). "Morphological characterization of Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria sinapina sp. nov". Canadian Journal of Botany. 66 (10): 2027–34.
doi:
10.1139/b88-277.
^Peck CH. (1900). "New species of Fungi". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 27 (12): 609–13.
doi:
10.2307/2477998.
JSTOR2477998. (subscription required)
^Emel (1921). Le Genre Armillaria, Fr., Sa Suppression de la Systématique Botanique (Thesis) (in French). Strasbourg, France: Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg.
OCLC32072244.