Principal leaders of the Hispanic American wars of independence from Spain
This article is about the historical figures. For the South American football competition, see
Copa Libertadores . For other uses, see
Libertador .
The
Guayaquil conference (1822) between
Simón Bolívar and
José de San Martín , the greatest libertadores (liberators) of Spanish America. Libertadores (Spanish pronunciation:
[liβeɾtaˈðoɾes]
ⓘ , "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the
Spanish American wars of independence from
Spain and of the movement in support of
Brazilian independence from
Portugal . They are named that way in contrast with the
Conquistadors .
[1]
They were largely local-born men of European descent (
criollos ), in most cases part of the
bourgeoisie and with military training in the
motherland , who were influenced by
liberalism and led colonial subjects in their struggle for independence against the
metropole .
List of libertadores
Hispanic America
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Contributed to the independence of
Took part in
Refs
Francisco Burdett O'Connor (1791-1871)
Bolivia ,
Peru ,
Venezuela ,
Colombia
Spanish American wars of independence
War of the Confederation
[2]
Pedro Santana (1801–1864)
Dominican Republic
Dominican War of Independence
José de San Martín (1778–1850)
Argentina ,
Chile and
Peru
Argentine War of Independence
Crossing of the Andes
Chilean War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
[3]
Simón Bolívar (1783–1830)
Colombia ,
Venezuela ,
Ecuador ,
Peru ,
Panama and
Bolivia
Venezuelan War of Independence
Admirable Campaign
First Republic of New Granada
Ecuadorian War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
Bolivian War of Independence
[4]
Augustin I of Mexico (1783–1824)
Mexico ,
Guatemala ,
El Salvador ,
Honduras ,
Nicaragua and
Costa Rica
Mexican War of Independence design of the
Plan de Iguala
[5]
Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820)
Argentina ,
Bolivia and
Paraguay
British invasions of the River Plate
May Revolution
Paraguay campaign
Argentine War of Independence
Bolivian War of Independence
[6]
Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842)
Chile and
Peru
Chilean War of Independence
Argentine War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
[7]
[8]
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811)
Mexico
Grito de Dolores
Mexican War of Independence
[9]
José María Morelos (1765–1815)
Mexico
Mexican War of Independence wrote the
Sentimientos de la Nación
[10]
Ramón Castilla (1797–1867)
Peru
Peruvian War of Independence
[11]
Andrés de Santa Cruz (1792–1865)
Bolivia and
Peru
Bolivian War of Independence
Argentine War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
Ecuadorian War of Independence
War of the Confederation
[11]
José Gervasio Artigas (1764–1850)
Argentina and
Uruguay
British invasions of the River Plate
Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental
Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental
Argentine Civil Wars
[11]
Thomas Cochrane (1775–1860)
Brazil ,
Chile
French Revolutionary Wars
Napoleonic Wars
Chilean War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
Brazilian War of Independence
Greek War of Independence
[5]
Francisco de Miranda (1750–1816)
Venezuela
American Revolutionary War
French Revolution
Venezuelan War of Independence
[12]
Mariano Moreno (1778–1811)
Argentina
May Revolution
Argentine War of Independence
Paraguay campaign
[13]
Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830)
Bolivia ,
Peru ,
Ecuador ,
Colombia ,
Venezuela
Venezuelan War of Independence
Ecuadorian War of Independence
Bolivian War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
Gran Colombia–Peru War
[14]
Brazil
Pedro I became known as the libertador (liberator) of
Brazil .
Pedro I of Brazil became known as "o Libertador" ("the Liberator") in Brazil for his role in the country's independence.
[15] Sporadically, the term has also been applied to other figures such as
José Bonifacio (known as the "patriarch for independence"),
Maria Leopoldina de Austria , and
Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo .
[16]
Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo , the first Filipino President and Generalissimo who liberated the
Philippines from the
Spanish Empire in 1898, is widely recognized as "El Libertador de la Patria" (The Liberator of the Homeland)
[17]
[18]
Legacy
The flags of
Venezuela ,
Colombia and
Ecuador follow Francisco de Miranda's design of 1806. Also,
Bolivia was named after Símon Bolívar, who in turn was president of Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and twice of Venezuela. San Martín served as "President Protector" of Peru.
In what today is part of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, Iturbide, a military leader revolted against the Viceroyalty of New Spain, founded an independent nation where he ascended as Emperor Agustín I.
The names of libertadores are used all over South America to name anything from towns and places to institutions and sports clubs. Also, the most prestigious international club football competition in South America is named the
Copa Libertadores in their honour.
See also
Bibliography
Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence . Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000.
ISBN
1-58567-072-3
James Higgins (editor). The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts , 2014. Online at
https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu
Marion Lansing. Liberators and Heroes of South America . Boston, L. C. Page & Co., 1940.
Irene Nicholson. The Liberators: A Study of Independence Movements in Spanish America . New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1968.
Pigna, Felipe (2010). Libertadores de América . Buenos Aires: Planeta.
ISBN
978-950-49-2420-3 .
References
^ Pigna, p. 9
^ Dunkerley, James (2000).
El tercer hombre: Francisco Burdett O'Connor y la emancipación de las Américas (in Spanish). Plural editores.
ISBN
978-99905-62-32-3 .
^ Pigna, pp. 195-272
^ Pigna, pp. 135-192
^
a
b Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence . Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000.
ISBN
1-58567-072-3
^ Pigna, p. 55-91
^ page 429 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence . Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000.
ISBN
1-58567-072-3
^ Pigna, pp. 93-133
^ Lansing, pp. 15-39
^ Lansing, pp. 39-59
^
a
b
c Lansing, p. 121
^ Pigna, pp. 13-52
^ Lansing, pp. 119
^ Lansing, pp. 219
^ Viana, Hélio (1994). História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república (in Portuguese) p.252
^ historia (Vénézuela), Academia nacional de la (1985).
Congreso : bicentenario de Simón Bolívar: Del 17 al 24 de julio de 1983 (in Spanish). Academia Nacional de la Historia.
ISBN
978-980-222-117-2 .
^ Alip, Eufronio M.
https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=4999 (1969). The Diplomacy of the Aguinaldo Government . pp. Volume 15, No. 1-2. CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link )
^ Sytangco, AJ
https://mb.com.ph/2019/03/15/aguinaldo-day-activities-set-in-cavite/ (May 16, 2019). Aguinaldo Day activities set in Cavite . Manila Bulletin. CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link )
External links