Language Endangerment Status | |
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Extinct (EX) | |
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Endangered | |
Safe | |
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Other categories | |
Related topics | |
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger categories | |
An extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes extinct upon the death of its last native speaker, the terminal speaker. A language like Latin is not extinct in this sense, because it evolved into the modern Romance languages; it is impossible to state when Latin became extinct because there is a diachronic continuum (compare synchronic continuum) between ancestors Late Latin and Vulgar Latin on the one hand and descendants like Old French and Old Italian on the other; any cutoff date for distinguishing ancestor from descendant is arbitrary. For many languages which have become extinct in recent centuries, attestation of usage is datable in the historical record, and sometimes the terminal speaker is identifiable. In other cases, historians and historical linguists may infer an estimated date of extinction from other events in the history of the sprachraum.
Date | Language or dialect |
Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
20th-21st century (?) | Ayabadhu | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [72] |
20th-21st century (?) | Aghu Tharnggala | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [72] |
20th-21st century (?) | Adithinngithigh | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | |
20th-21st century (?) | Arritinngithigh | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | |
20th-21st century (?) | Gurnai | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | now being revived [72] |
20th-21st century | Southern Kayapó | Macro-Jê | Mato Grosso, Brazil | Hypothesized to be the ancestor of Panará. |
late 20th century (?) | Nganyaywana | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | |
late 20th century (?) | Ngamini | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia | |
late 20th century (?) | Nila | Austronesian | Nila Island, Indonesia | Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Nila [73] |
late 20th century (?) | Serua | Austronesian | Mount Serua, Indonesia | Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Serua [73] |
late 20th century | Newfoundland Irish | Celtic | Newfoundland, Canada | [74] |
late 20th century | Soyot-Tsaatan language | Turkic | Buryatia, Khövsgöl Province | Partly revitalized |
late 20th century | Saraveca | Arawakan | Eastern lowlands Bolivia | |
From 1980 to 2000 | Tepecano | Uto-Aztecan | Central Mexico | Last known speaker Lino de la Rosa was alive in 1980 |
c. 2000 | Mesmes | Semitic | Ethiopia | with the death of Abegaz [75] [76] |
c. 2000 | Kamarian | Austronesian | west Seram Island, Indonesia | |
2000 | Sowa | Malayo-Polynesian | Pentecost Island, Vanuatu | with the death of Maurice Tabi [77] |
late 1990s | Munichi | unclassified | Loreto Region, Peru | with the death of Victoria Huancho Icahuate |
1999 | Nyulnyul | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | with the death of Carmel Charles [78] |
by 1999 | Ineseño | Chumashan | California, United States | [79] |
1998 | Yola | Germanic | County Wexford, Ireland | |
1998 | Mlahsô | Semitic | Syria; Turkey | with the death of Ibrahim Hanna [80] |
by 1998 | Skepi Creole Dutch | Dutch-based creole | Guyana | [81] |
after or in 1997 | Aribwatsa | Lower Markham languages | Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea | Exact date of extinction is unknown although it's believed to be in 2000. Most descendants have switched to the Bukawa language. |
1997-98 | Ngarnka | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | |
January 1997 | Sireniki Yupik | Eskimo–Aleut | Chukotka Peninsula, Russia | with the death of Valentina Wye [82] |
1997 | Guazacapán | Xincan | Santa Rosa, Guatemala | |
1997 | Jumaytepeque | Xincan | By Volcán Jumaytepeque, Guatemala | |
ca. 1996 (?) | Malaryan | Dravidian | Kerala and Tamil Nadu, India | [83] |
16 December 1996 | Iowa-Oto | Siouan | Oklahoma and Kansas, United States | with the death of Truman Washington Dailey [84] |
1996 | Chiquimulilla | Xincan | Chiquimulilla, Guatemala | The last semi-speaker Julian de la Cruz died in 1996. |
by 1996 | Katabaga | Malayo-Polynesian | Philippines | [85] |
by 1996 | Palumata | Austronesian | Maluku, Indonesia | [86] |
before 1996 | Seru | Malayo-Polynesian | Sarawak, Malaysia | [87] |
5 November 1995 | Kasabe | Niger–Congo | Cameroon | with the death of Bogon [88] |
6 August 1995 | Martuthunira | Pama-Nyungan | Western Australia | with the death of Algy Paterson [89] |
8 January 1995 | Northern Pomo | Pomoan ( Hokan?) | California, United States |
with the death of Edna Campbell Guerrero |
16 May 1994 | Luiseño language | Uto-Aztecan | Southern California | Extinct in 1994, with the death of Villiana Calac Hyde. A revitalization process is happening. |
30 April 1994 | Sakhalin Ainu | Ainu languages | Japan | with the death of Take Asai [90] |
13 July 1993 | Eastern Abnaki | Algic > Algonquian | Maine, United States | with the death of Madeline Shay [91] [92] |
1993 | Andoa | Zaparoan | Peru | [93] |
7 October 1992 | Ubykh | Northwest Caucasian | Balıkesir Province, Turkey | with the death of Tevfik Esenç [94] |
23 February 1991 | Roncalese (Erronkariko) dialect | Basque ( language isolate) | Spain | with the death of Fidela Bernat [95] |
1991 | Pánobo | Panoan | Peru | [96] |
30 July 1990 | Wappo | Yuki–Wappo | California, United States | with the death of Laura Fish Somersal [97] |
1990 | Shasta | Shastan | California, United States | |
Early 1990’s | Hermit | Malayo-Polynesian | Manus Province, Papua New Guinea | It has been mostly replaced by Seimat. |
ca. 1990s | Lumaete dialect of Kayeli | Malayo-Polynesian | central Maluku, Indonesia | [98] |
ca. 1990s | Taman variety of Sak | Sino-Tibetan | Myanmar | [99] |
1990s | Unggumi | Worrorra | Australia | with the death of Morndi Munro [100] |
1990s? | Berti | Nilo-Saharan | Dafur and Kordofan, Sudan | |
20 September 1989 | Kamassian | Uralic > Samoyedic | Sayan Mountains, Soviet Union | with the death of Klavdiya Plotnikova |
March 1989 | Leliali dialect of Kayeli | Malayo-Polynesian | central Maluku, Indonesia | [98] [101] |
ca. 1989 | Hukumina | Austronesian | Maluku, Indonesia | [102] |
1989 | Miami-Illinois | Algic > Algonquian | along the Mississippi River, United States | |
1989 | Kungarakany | Gunwinyguan | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Madeline England [101] [103] |
16 September 1988 | Atsugewi | Palaihnihan | California, United States | with the death of Medie Webster [104] |
1988 | ǁXegwi | Tuu | South Africa | with the death of Jopi Mabinda [105] |
ca. 1987 | Bidyara | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [106] |
ca. 1987 | Laua | Trans-New Guinea | Papua New Guinea | |
4 February 1987 | Cupeño | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | with the death of Roscinda Nolasquez [107] |
1987 | Dyangadi | Pama-Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | [108] |
1987 | Negerhollands | Dutch-based creole | U.S. Virgin Islands | with the death of Alice Stevens |
by 1987 | Basa-Gumna | Niger-Congo > Benue-Congo | Niger State/ Plateau State, Nigeria | [109] |
by 1987 | Yugambal | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [110] |
ca. 1986 | Bikya | Niger-Congo > Benue-Congo | Cameroon | |
ca. 1986 | Bishuo | Niger-Congo > Benue-Congo | Cameroon | |
April 1986 | Jiwarli dialect, Mantharta | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | with the death of Jack Butler [111] |
1986 | Mangala | Pama-Nyungan | Western Australia | [112] |
1986 | Volow | Austronesian | Vanuatu | with the death of Wanhan [113] |
late 1980s to early 1990s | Cahuarano | Zaparoan | Along the Nanay River in Peru. | |
18 March 1984 | Deeside dialect, Scottish Gaelic | Celtic | Scotland | with the death of Jean Bain [114] |
1984 | Yavitero | Arawakan | Venezuela | [101] [115] |
February 1983 | Antrim Irish | Celtic | Ireland | with the death of Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaig [116] [117] |
ca. 1983 | Yangman | Australian | Northern Territory, Australia | [118] |
June 1982 | Kansa | Siouan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Ralph Pepper |
1982 | Dagoman | Australian | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Martha Hart [119] |
by 1982 | Dyugun | Australian | Western Australia | [120] |
by 1982 | Kato | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | California, United States | [121] |
after 1981 | Dirari | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia | [122] |
after 1981 | Dyaberdyaber | Pama-Nyungan | Western Australia | [123] [124] |
after 1981 | Erre | Australian | Northern Territory, Australia | [125] |
after 1981 | Umbugarla |
Arnhem Land languages or Darwin Region languages |
Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Butcher Knight |
after 1981 | Yawarawarga | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland and South Australia | [126] |
ca. 1981 | Ternateño | Portuguese Creole | Maluku, Indonesia | [127] |
1 May 1981 | Pitta Pitta | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the deaths of Ivy Nardoo of Boulia [128] |
1981 | Warrungu | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Alf Palmer [129] [130] |
by 1981 | Bina | Austronesian | Central Province (Papua New Guinea) | |
1980 | Twana | Salishan | Washington, United States | [101] [131] |
1980 | Yalarnnga | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | |
late 1970s - 1980s [124] | Flinders Island | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | last known speaker was Johnny Flinders [129] |
between 1971 and 1981 | Kwadi | Khoe | southwestern Angola | [132] |
1970s – 1980s | Chicomuceltec | Mayan | Mexico; Guatemala | |
22 February 1979 | Barranbinja | Pama-Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | with the death of Emily Margaret Horneville |
3 November 1977 | Shuadit | Romance | southern France | with the death of Armand Lunel [101] [133] |
24 August 1977 | Ngawun | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Cherry O'Keefe [134] |
13 July 1977 | Nooksack | Salishan | Washington, United States | with the death of Sindick Jimmy [101] |
ca. 1977 | Nagumi | Niger-Congo > Benue-Congo | Cameroon | [135] |
between 1976 and 1999 | Kw'adza | Cushitic | Tanzania | [136] |
after 1976 | Muskum | Chadic | western Chad | [137] |
1975 | Yugh | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Soviet Union | [101] [138] |
before 1975 | Homa | Bantu | southern Sudan | [139] |
27 December 1974 | Manx | Celtic | Isle of Man, British islands | with the death of Ned Maddrell. Now being revived as a second language [140] |
28 May 1974 | Ona | Chon | Tierra del Fuego, Argentina | with the death of Ángela Loij [notes 4] |
1974 | Moksela | Malayo-Polynesian | Maluku, Indonesia | [141] |
before 1974 | Cacaopera | Misumalpan | El Salvador | [142] |
after 1973 | Môa Remo | Panoan | Along the Môa River of Amazonas, Peru | A word list was created in 1973. |
By 1974 | Dicamay Agta | Malayo-Polynesian | Luzon, Philippines | The Dicamay Agta were killed by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between 1957 and 1974. |
9 October 1972 | Tillamook | Salishan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Minnie Scovell [101] |
5 February 1972 | Hanis | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of Martha Harney Johnson [143] |
1972 | Mbabaram | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Albert Bennett [144] |
after 1968 | Paratio | Xukuruan | Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil | It was spoken by a few people in Pesqueira in 1968. Loukotka (1968) |
1968 | Welsh-Romani | Romani | Wales, United Kingdom | with the death of Manfri Wood [145] |
before 1968 | Sened | Berber | Tunisia | |
after 1965 | Barngarla | Pama-Nyungan | southern Australia | with the death of Moonie Davis [146] |
24 July 1965 | Barbareño | Chumashan | California, United States | with the death of Mary Yee [147] [notes 5] |
1965 | Wakawaka | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [148] |
ca. 1964 | Aariya | spurious | India | [149] |
10 August 1963 | Galice | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Hoxie Simmons |
10 January 1963 | Upper Umpqua | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Wolverton Orton |
1963 | Jorá | Tupi | Bolivia | [101] |
after 1962 | Xukuru | Xukuruan | Pernambuco and Paraíba, Brazil | Known from a wordlist and sketch from Geraldo Lapenda (1962). |
1962 | Wiyot | Algic | California, United States | with the death of Delia Prince [150] |
after 1961 | Wyandot | Iroquoian | Oklahoma, United States; Quebec, Canada | |
after 1961 | Pankararú | unclassified | Pernambuco, Alagoas, Brazil | Only two people remembered the language in 1961. |
after 1961 | Xocó | unclassified | Sergipe, Alagoas, Brazil | Only a few people remembered the language in 1961 It is not clear if this is a single language. |
1961 | Northeastern Pomo | Pomoan( Hokan?) | California, United States | |
1960 | Oriel dialect, Irish | Celtic | Ireland | with the death of Annie O'Hanlon [151] [152] |
1960 | Siuslaw | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of Mary Barrett Elliott. Last speaker of Lower Umpqua dialect was Billy Dick [143] |
ca. 1960s | Pirlatapa | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia | [153] |
1960s | Timor Pidgin | Portuguese creole | East Timor | [154] |
1960s | Cuitlatec | isolate | Guerrero, Mexico | with the death of Juana Can. [155] |
16 April 1959 | Catawba | Siouan | South Carolina, United States | with the death of Chief Sam Blue [156] |
22 September 1958 | Molala | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of Fred Yelkes [143] |
1958 | Salinan | isolate ( Hokan?) | California, United States | |
1958 | Omurano | Zaparoan | Peru | [101] [157] |
25 March 1957 | Natchez | isolate | Mississippi, United States | [158] with the death of Nancy Raven. [159] The Natchez people are attempting to revive this language. [160] |
1952-1956 | Aasáx | Cushitic | Tanzania | [161] |
after 1955 | Wotapuri-Katarqalai | Indo-Aryan | Afghanistan | [162] |
after 1954 | Tây Bồi | French-based Pidgin | Vietnam | [163] [164] |
1954 | Central Kalapuya | Kalapuyan | Oregon, United States | with the death of John B. Hudson [143] |
1954 | Ifo | Malayo-Polynesian | Erromanga Island, Vanuatu | with the death of James Nalig [165] |
1952 | Martha's Vineyard Sign Language | Sign language | Massachusetts, United States | with the death of Katie West |
1951 | Alsea | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of John Albert [143] |
ca. 1950 | Bohemian Romani | mixed language | Czechoslovakia, Central Europe | after World War II, due to extermination of most of its speakers in Nazi concentration camps. |
1950 | Kaniet | Malayo-Polynesian | Manus Province, Papua New Guinea | [101] [166] |
ca. 1950s | Pijao | unclassified | Tolima Department, Colombia | [167] |
1950s | Kepkiriwát | Tupian | Rondônia, Brazil | |
mid-20th century | Ventureño | Chumashan | California, United States | |
mid-20th century | Kawishana | Arawakan | Brazil | presumably extinct |
mid-20th century | Basay | Austronesian | Taiwan | |
mid-20th century | Sidi | Bantu | Bantu | Kathiawar, India; also known as Habsi. |
mid-20th century | Slovincian | Slavic | Pomerania, Poland | |
mid-20th century | Southern Pame | Oto-Manguean | Southern Mexico | |
mid-20th century | Kipea | Macro-Gê | Eastern Brazil | |
mid-20th century | Dzubukua | Macro-Gê | Pernambuco, Brazil | |
mid-20th century | Tequiraca | Tequiraca–Canichana? | Loreto, Peru | |
around mid-20th century | Tubar | Uto-Aztecan | Northern Mexico | |
around mid-20th century? | Chico | Maiduan | Central California | |
after 1949 | Kunza | unclassified | Atacama Desert, Chile/ Peru | |
after 1949 | Mikira | Cahuapanan | Loreto, Peru | A word list was made by Enrique Stanko Vráz in 1949. |
6 December 1948 | Tunica | isolate | Louisiana, United States | with the death of Sesostrie Youchigant [168] |
after 1947 | Gafat | Semitic | along the Abbay River, Ethiopia | [169] |
3 March 1940 | Pentlatch | Salishan | Vancouver Island, Canada | with the death of Joe Nimnim [101] |
28 January 1940 | Chitimacha | isolate | Louisiana, United States | with the death of Delphine Ducloux [170] |
ca. 1940 | Eudeve | Uto-Aztecan | Sonora, Mexico | |
ca. 1940s | Chemakum | Chimakuan | Washington, United States | |
ca. 1940s | Ossory dialect of Irish | Celtic | County Kilkenny, Ireland | |
ca. 1940s | Kitanemuk | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | with the deaths of Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran |
22 May 1939 | Rumsen | Penutian | California, United States | with the death of Isabel Meadows [171] |
9 May 1939 | Miluk | Penutian | Oregon, United States | with the death of Annie Miner Peterson [172] |
by or after 1939 | Judaeo-Piedmontese | Romance | Northwestern Italy | |
16 January 1937 | Northern Kalapuya | Kalapuyan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Louis Kenoyer |
1937 | Yoncalla | Kalapuyan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Laura Blackery Albertson [173] |
1936 | Narungga | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia, Australia | [174] |
8 January 1935 | Biloxi | Siouan | Louisiana, United States | with the death of Emma Jackson [175] |
1934 | Juaneño | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | |
1934 | Puelche | Chon | Argentina | with the death of Trruúlmani |
1934 | Takelma | isolate | Oregon, United States | with the death of Frances Johnson [176] |
1933 | Gabrielino | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | |
between 1931 and 1951 | Akar-Bale | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [177] |
between 1931 and 1951 | Aka-Kede | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [177] |
between 1931 and 1951 | A-Pucikwar | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [177] |
after 1931 | Tonkawa | isolate | Oklahoma/ Texas/ New Mexico, United States | |
after 1931 | Jaquirana Remo | Panoan | Amazonas, Brazil | A word list was made in 1931. |
after 1931 | Tuxinawa | Panoan | Acre, Brazil | A word list was made in 1931. |
by 1931 | Aka-Bea | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [177] |
by 1931 | Oko-Juwoi | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [177] |
after 1930 | Sensi | Panoan | right bank of Ucayali River, Peru | A word list was created by Günter Tessmann in 1930. |
c. 1930 | Mattole | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | California, United States | |
29 January 1930 | Mutsun | Penutian | California, United States | with the death of Ascencion Solorsano |
c. 1930s | Cayuse | isolate/ unclassified | Oregon, United States | |
c. 1930s | Kathlamet | Penutian | Washington/ Oregon, United States | with the death of Charles Cultee [143] |
c. 1930s | Lower Chinook | Penutian | Washington/ Oregon, United States | |
c. 1930s | Mahican | Algic > Algonquian | New York, United States | |
c. 1930s | Clackamas dialect of Upper Chinook | Penutian | Washington/ Oregon, United States | |
c. 1930s | Kitsai | Caddoan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Kai Kai [178] |
c. 1930s | Tapachultec | Mixe–Zoque | Southern Mexico | |
before 1930s | Kwalhioqua | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Washington, United States | |
by 1930 | Opata language | Uto-Aztecan | Northern Mexico | |
between 1920 and 1940 | Ajawa | Chadic | Bauchi State, Nigeria | [179] |
25 December 1929 | Kaurna | Pama-Nyungan | South Australia | with the death of Ivaritji, [180] now being revived |
c. 1929 | Bear River | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | California, US | |
1928 | Ottoman Turkish | Turkic | Turkey | Evolved into Turkish in 1928. |
after 1927 | Tarauacá Kashinawa | Panoan | Amazonas, Brazil | A word list was made in 1927. |
after 1927 | Blanco River Remo | Panoan | Loreto Province, Peru | A word list was made in 1927. |
after 1925 | Subtiaba | Oto-Manguean or Subtiaba-Tlapanec | Nicaragua | |
January 1922 | Chimariko | isolate | California, United States | with the death of Sally Noble [181] [182] |
after 1921 | Chagatai | Turkic | Central Asia including Turkmenistan | Chagtai is still studied in Uzbekistan and Turkey. [183] |
30 June 1921 | Tataviam | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | with the death of Juan José Fustero |
by 1921 | Aka-Kol | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [184] |
After 1920 | Sinacantán | Xincan | Santa Rosa, Guatemala | A word list was created by Walther Lehmann in 1920. |
ca. 1920 | Mochica | Chimuan | northwest Peru | |
ca. 1920s | Fergana Kipchak | Turkic | Fergana Valley | [185] |
ca. 1920s | Chochenyo | Penutian | California, United States | |
ca. 1920s | Island Carib | Cariban | Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea | An offshoot survives as Garifuna. |
around the 1920s | Otuke | Macro-Jê | Mato Grosso, Santa Cruz | |
by 1920 | Yupiltepeque | Xincan | Guatemala | [186] |
after 1917 | Pochutec | Uto-Aztecan | Oaxaca, Mexico | |
15 June 1917 | Obispeño | Chumashan | Southern California, United States | with the death of Rosario Cooper [187] |
25 March 1916 | Yahi | isolate ( Hokan?) | California, United States | with the death of Ishi [188] [notes 6] |
1915 | Yamhill dialect of Northern Kalapuya | Kalapuyan | Oregon, United States | |
1910s | ǀXam | Tuu | South Africa | |
after 1908 | Siraya | Austronesian | southwestern Taiwan | [189] |
18 July 1908 | Mohegan-Pequot | Algic > Algonquian | southern New England, United States | with the death of Fidelia Fielding [190] |
24 February 1905 | Tasmanian | unclassified | Tasmania, Australia | with the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith [191] [192] [notes 7] |
after 1906 | Arazaire | Panoan | Cusco Province, Peru | A word list was done in 1906. |
after 1904 | Atsawaka | Panoan | Puno Province, Peru | There were 20 speakers in 1904. |
after 1902 | Dyirringany | Pama–Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | |
between 1900 and 1920 | Jangil | Ongan | Andaman Islands, India | [193] |
ca. 1900 | Henniker Sign Language | Village sign | New Hampshire, United States | |
ca. 1900 | Tongva language | Uto-Aztecan | Southern California, United States | A revitalization process is happening. |
ca. 1900 | Payagua language | Mataco–Guaicuru? | Alto Paraguay, Paraguay | |
ca. 1900 | Moran | Sino-Tibetan | Assam, India | [194] |
1900 | Wulguru | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | |
by 1900 | Classical Mandaic | Semitic | Iran; Iraq | [195] |
by 1900 | Piro Pueblo | Tanoan | New Mexico, United States | |
early 20th century | Atakapa | isolate | Louisiana/ Texas, United States | |
early 20th century | Kamakã | Macro-Jê | Bahia, Brazil | |
early 20th century | Jersey Dutch | Dutch-based creole | New Jersey, United States | |
early 20th century | Kazukuru | Malayo-Polynesian | New Georgia, Solomon Islands | |
early 20th century | Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin | Chinese/ Russian-based contact language | ||
early 20th century | Chaná | Charruan | Uruguay | |
early 20th century | Marawán | Arawakan | Brazil | |
early 20th century | East Leinster dialect, Irish | Celtic | Ireland | [196] |
early 20th century | Ingain | Macro-Jê | Santa Catarina, Brazil |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
19th-20th century | Yuri | Ticuna-Yuri | Along the Caquetá River. | |
late 19th century | Adai | isolate | Louisiana, United States | |
late 19th century | Purí | Macro-Jê | southeastern Brazil | |
late 19th century | Coroado Purí | Macro-Jê | southeastern Brazil | |
late 19th century | Istrian Albanian | Albanian | Croatia | |
late 19th century | Shebaya | Arawakan | Trinidad | |
later 19th century (?) | Mbara | Pama-Nyungan | Australia | [197] |
May 1900 | Moriori | Malayo-Polynesian | Chatham Island, New Zealand | with the death of Hirawanu Tapu [198] |
ca. 1899 | Nawathinehena | Algic > Algonquian | Oklahoma and Wyoming, United States [199] | |
by 1899 | Ahom | Tai | India | |
by 1899 | Waling | Sino-Tibetan | Nepal | [200] |
10 June 1898 | Dalmatian | Romance | Croatia; Montenegro | with the death of Tuone Udaina [201] [202] |
after 1894 | Tsetsaut | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | British Columbia, Canada | |
after 1892 | Awabakal | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | |
after 1886 | Maritsauá | Tupian | Mato Grosso, Brazil | Word list was made in 1884 during the Shingú river expedition. |
after 1886 | Solteco Zapotec | Oto-Manguean | Oaxaca, Mexico | |
after 1886 | Comecrudo | Comecrudan | Mexico; Texas, United States | |
after 1886 | Cotoname | isolate | Mexico; Texas, United States | |
after 1884 | Yaquina | Penutian | Oregon, United States | |
after 1880 | Kenaboi | unclassified ( Language isolate?) | Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia | |
ca. 1880 | Auregnais | Romance | Alderney, United Kingdom | |
1877 | Aruá | Arauan | Brazil | |
after 1871 | Duit | Chibcha | Boyacá, Colombia | One fragment analysed by scholar Ezequiel Uricoechea in 1871. |
8 May 1876 | Bruny Island | Tasmanian | Tasmania, Australia | with the death of Truganini [notes 8] |
mid-1870s | Yola | Germanic | Wexford, Ireland | [204] |
21 February 1871 | Tutelo | Siouan | Virginia, United States | with the death of Nikonha [205] [notes 9] |
1870 | Clatskanie | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Washington (state), United States | |
after 1867 | Andoquero | Witotoan | Colombia | [206] |
1864 | Xakriabá | Macro-Jê | Minas Gerais state, Brazil | |
1862 | Caquetio | Arawakan | Aruba | with the death of Nicolaas Pyclas [207] |
1858 | Karankawa | unclassified | Texas, United States | concurrent with the extermination of the tribe at the hands of Juan Cortina |
ca. 1857 | Woiwurrung | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
26 December 1856 | Nanticoke | Algic > Algonquian | Delaware and Maryland, United States | with the death of Lydia Clark [208] |
12 January 1855 | Wampanoag | Algic > Algonquian | Massachusetts, United States | Nantucket Wampanoag disappeared with the death of Dorcas Honorable [209] |
after 1853 | Samaritan | Semitic | West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Palestinian territories | Still used as a liturgical language [210] |
19 October 1853 | Nicoleño | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | with the death of Juana Maria [211] |
after 1851 | Wainumá-Mariaté | Arawakan | Amazonas, Colombia | A word list was collected by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1851. |
after 1850 | Hibito | Hibito–Cholon | Bobonaje River Valley | There were 500 Speakers in 1850. |
ca. 1850 | Norn | North Germanic | Northern Isles, United Kingdom | with the death of Walter Sutherland [212] [213] |
mid-19th century | Shinnecock | Algic > Algonquian | New York, United States | |
mid-19th century | Betoi | Betoi- Saliban? | Orinoco Llanos | |
ca. 1850s | Kott | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Russia | [138] |
after or during 1840s | Bororo of Cabaçal | Macro-Jê languages | Mato Grosso, Brazil | |
ca. 1840s | Mator | Uralic > Samoyedic | Sayan Mountains, Russia | |
after 1839 | Gulidjan | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
1838 | Nottoway | Iroquoian | Virginia, United States | with the death of Edith Turner |
after 1836 | Wathawurrung | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
after 1835 | Pali | Indo-Aryan | India; Myanmar | [214] |
after 1833 | Esselen | isolate ( Hokan?) | California, United States | |
after 1833 | Cararí | Arawakan | Mucuim River, Amazonas, Brazil | A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1833. |
after 1832 | Charrúa language | Charruan languages | Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay | |
after 1832 | Guenoa language | Charruan languages | Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay | |
after 1832 | Aroaqui | Arawakan | Lower Rio Negro Brazil | A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832. |
after 1832 | Parawana | Arawakan | Lower Branco River Brazil | A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832. |
after 1831 | Mepuri | Arawakan | Amazonas, Brazil | A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831. |
after 1831 | Mainatari | Arawakan | Siapa River ( Orinoco basin) Venezuela | A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831. |
6 June 1829 | Beothuk | Algic (disputed) | Newfoundland, Canada | with the death of Shanawdithit [215] |
after 1828 | Garza | Comecrudan | Mexico | |
after 1828 | Mamulique | Comecrudan | Nuevo León, Mexico | |
1821 | Karkin | Penutian | California, United States | |
1820s-1830s | Acroá | Macro-Jê | Bahia, Brazil | |
after 1819 | Peerapper | Tasmanian | Tasmania, Australia | |
10 April 1815 | Tambora | unclassified ( Papuan) | Sumbawa | following the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora [216] |
after 1808 | Nuennone | Tasmanian | Tasmania, Australia | |
ca. 1803 | Bunwurrung | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
ca. 1800 | Pallanganmiddang | Pama-Nyungan | Victoria, Australia | |
ca. 19th century | Coptic | Afroasiatic | Egypt | apparently only in scattered places since the 17th century; [217] still in use as a liturgical language |
ca. 19th century | Crimean Gothic | Germanic | Crimea, Ukraine | |
ca. 19th century | Assan | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Russia | [138] |
ca. 19th century | Mangue | Oto-Manguean | Central America | |
ca. 19th century | Sandy River Valley Sign Language | Martha's Vineyard Sign Language or isolate | Maine, United States | |
19th century | Mediterranean Lingua Franca | Romance-based Pidgin | Tunisia; Greece; Cyprus | [218] |
19th century | Chorotega | Oto-Manguean | Costa Rica; Nicaragua | [219] |
19th century | Matagalpa | Misumalpan | Nicaragua | |
19th century | Ramaytush | Penutian | California, United States | |
19th century | Kemi Sami | Uralic > Sami | Lapland, Finland | [220] |
19th century | Jaikó | Macro-Jê | southeastern Piauí | |
early 19th century | Cochimí | Yuman-Cochimi ( Hokan?) | Baja California, Mexico | |
early 19th century | Yurats | Samoyedic | central Siberia, Russia | |
early 19th century | Wila' | Austroasiatic | Seberang Perai, Malaysia | |
early 19th century | Pumpokol | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Russia | [138] |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
late 18th century | Esuma | Kwa | southern Côte d'Ivoire | [221] |
late 18th century | Maipure | Arawakan | Upper Orinoco region | |
after the late 1790s | Chiriba | Panoan | Moxos Province, Bolivia | All that was recorded of it was a list of seven words in the late 1790s. |
after 1794 | Magiana | Arawakan | Bolivia | Magiana, an extinct Bolivia-Parana Arawakan language of Bolivia attested only with the wordlist in Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz 1989 [1794]. |
after 1791 | Eora | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland and New South Wales, Australia | [222] |
after 1791 | Quiripi | Algic > Algonquian | Connecticut/ New York/ New Jersey, United States | [223] |
ca. 1790s | Powhatan | Algic > Algonquian | eastern Virginia, United States | |
ca. 1790s | Ramanos | Unclassified | Moxos Province, Bolivia | |
after 1788 | Gundungurra | Pama-Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | [224] |
after 1788 | Otomaco | Otomakoan | Venezuelan Llanos | Known from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788. |
after 1788 | Taparita | Otomakoan | Venezuelan Llanos | Known from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788. |
after 1788 | Ngunnawal | Pama-Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | [224] |
after 1788 | Thurawal | Pama-Nyungan | New South Wales, Australia | [224] |
26 December 1777 | Cornish | Celtic | Cornwall, England | with the death of Dolly Pentreath [225] [notes 10] |
after 1770 | Weyto | unclassified | Ethiopia | |
after 1770 | Tamanaku | Cariban languages | Venezuela | |
1770 | Cuman | Turkic | north of Black Sea; Hungary | with the death of István Varró [226] |
ca. 1770s | Abipón | Mataco–Guaicuru | Argentina | |
after 1763 | Susquehannock | Iroquoian | Northeastern United States | After the Conestoga massacre. |
1760 | Galwegian dialect, Scottish Gaelic | Celtic | Scotland, United Kingdom | with the death of Margaret McMurray |
3 October 1756 | Polabian | Slavic | around the Elbe river, Poland/Germany | with the death of Emerentz Schultze [227] |
ca. 1730s | Arin | Yeniseian | central Siberia, Russia | [138] |
18th Century | Plateau Sign Language | Contact pidgin | Columbia Plateau, United States | |
18th century | Coahuilteco | isolate/ unclassified | Mexico; Texas, United States | |
18th century | Loup language | Algic > Algonquian | Massachusetts and Connecticut, United States | |
18th century | Chibcha | Chibchan | Colombia | |
18th century | Manao | Arawakan | Brazil | |
18th century | Classical Gaelic | Celtic | Ireland and Scotland, United Kingdom | The literary language. Fell out of use with the collapse of Gaelic society. [228] |
ca. 18th century | Chané | Arawakan | Argentina | a dialect of Terêna |
early 18th century | Apalachee | Muskogean | Florida, United States | |
early 18th century | Old Prussian | Baltic | Poland | |
18th century or earlier | Omok | Yukaghir | Omok was spoken in Sakha and Magadan in Russia. | |
18th century or earlier | Chuvan | Yukaghir | Chuvan was spoken in Anadyr (river) basin of Chukotka in Russia. |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
late 16th century | Knaanic | Slavic | Czech Republic; Poland | |
late 16th century | Laurentian | Iroquoian | Quebec/ Ontario, Canada | |
after 1586 | Palta | unclassified | Ecuador | |
after 1548 | Taino | Arawakan | The Bahamas and Puerto Rico | |
1535 | Cueva | unclassified Chocoan? | Darién Province, Panama | The Cueva people were exterminated between 1510 and 1535 during Spanish colonization. |
after 1502 | Tangut | Sino-Tibetan | northwestern China; southern Mongolia | |
16th century | Old Novgorod | Slavic | Novgorod Republic | [236] |
16th century | Semigallian | Baltic | Latvia; Lithuania | |
16th century | Guanahatabey | Unclassified | Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud, Cuba | |
16th century | Guanche | unclassified, maybe Berber | Canary Islands, Spain | [237] |
16th century | Navarro-Aragonese | Romance | southern Navarre, Spain | Aragonese is still spoken as a minority language in Spain. |
16th century | Judaeo-Portuguese | Romance | Belmonte, Portugal |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
After 1492 | Judaeo-Aragonese | Romance | North Central Spain | After the Alhambra Decree |
After 1492 | Judaeo-Catalan | Romance | Eastern Spain | After the Alhambra Decree |
15th century | Old Anatolian Turkish | Turkic | Anatolia | Emerged in Anatolia late 11th century, and developed into early Ottoman Turkish. |
end of 15th century | Mozarabic | Romance | Spain; Portugal | [238] |
late 15th century | Greenlandic Norse | Germanic | Greenland | |
late 15th century | Selonian | Baltic | Latvia; Lithuania |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
14th century | Bulgar | Turkic | Volga and Danube, Europe; Central Asia | By the 9th or 10th centuries on the Danube and by the 14th century in the Volga region. It may have ultimately given rise to the Chuvash language, which is most closely related to it. |
14th century | Old Uyghur | Turkic | Central Asia, East Asia| | |
14th century | Khorezmian | Turkic | Central Asia | |
14th century | Galindian | Baltic | northern Poland; Russia | |
14th century | Zarphatic | Romance | northern France; west-central Germany | |
14th century | Galician-Portuguese | Romance | northwestern Spain, northern Portugal | Evolved into Galician, Portuguese, Eonavian and Fala. Some linguists argue that said languages could all still be considered modern varieties of Galician-Portuguese itself. |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
13th century | Karakhanid | Turkic | Central Asia | evolved into Chagatai |
After 20 June 1244 | Khitan | Mongolic | Central Asia | with the death of Yelü Chucai [239] [notes 11] |
13th century | Pyu | Sino-Tibetan | central Myanmar | |
13th century | Andalusi Romance | Romance | southern Spain | |
13th century | Sicilian Arabic | Semitic | Emirate of Sicily | [240] |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
12th century | Pecheneg | Turkic | Eastern Europe | |
12th century | Khwarezmian | Iranian | Khwarazm | |
11th – 12th century | Cumbric | Celtic | England/Scotland, United Kingdom | |
11th – 12th century | Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | Semitic | Iraq | [241] |
between 1000 and 1300 | Khazar | Turkic | northern Caucasus; Central Asia | |
ca. 1000 | Lombardic | Germanic | central Europe; northern Italy | |
ca. 1000 | Merya | Uralic | Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia | |
ca. 1000 | Muromian | Uralic | Vladimir Oblast, Russia | |
11th century | Old Church Slavonic | Slavic | Eastern Europe | still used as a liturgical language |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
10th – 12th century | Syriac | Semitic | Turkey; Iraq; Syria | now only used as liturgical language [242] |
10th – 12th century | Samaritan Aramaic | Semitic | West Bank, Palestine; Israel | now only used as liturgical language [243] |
10th century | Sakan | Iranian | Xinjiang, China | |
10th century | Himyaritic | Semitic | Yemen | |
10th century | Zhang-Zhung | Sino-Tibetan | western Tibet ( Central Asia) |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
9th century or later | Pictish | Celtic | Scotland, United Kingdom | |
after 840 | Tocharian | Indo-European | Tarim Basin ( Central Asia) | |
9th century | Gothic | Germanic | Spain; Portugal; Italy | with the exception of Crimean Gothic |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
8th century | Aghwan | Northeast Caucasian | Azerbaijan | |
8th century | Orkhon Turkic | Turkic | Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Eastern Asia | Replaced by Old Uyghur. |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 600 | Avestan | Iranian | Iran | [244] |
7th century | Gaya | Unclassified | Korea | |
7th century | Baekje | Koreanic | Korea | may be more than one language. |
7th century | Buyeo | Puyŏ, possibly Koreanic | Manchuria | |
7th-10th century? | Goguryeo language | Puyŏ, possibly Koreanic | Korea, China |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
6th century | Ancient Cappadocian | Indo-European | Anatolia | |
6th century | Dacian | Indo-European | Balkans | |
6th century | Illyrian | Indo-European | western Balkans | disputed |
6th century | Sabaean | Semitic | Horn of Africa; Arabic Peninsula | |
6th century | Vandalic | Germanic | Spain; North Africa | |
6th century | Gaulish | Celtic | Gaul: France, Belgium, Germany and elsewhere | |
6th century | Rouran | Mongolic or isolate | Northern China and Mongolia | spoken from the 4th to the 6th century AD |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
5th – 6th century | Hadramautic | Semitic | Dhofar Mountains | |
before 6th century | Ligurian | unclassified, possibly Celtic or Indo-European | northwestern Italy; southeastern France | [245] |
after 453 | Hunnic | unclassified, possibly Oghuric | from the Eurasian steppe into Europe | |
ca. 400 | Meroitic | unclassified, maybe Nilo-Saharan | Sudan | |
5th century | Thracian | Indo-European | eastern and central Balkans | |
5th century | Isaurian | Anatolian | Anatolia | |
early 5th century | Punic | Semitic | North Africa |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
4th century CE | Aquitanian | Language isolate | Novempopulania and Basque Country | |
4th century CE | Galatian | Celtic | central Anatolia | |
4th century CE | Geʽez | Semitic | Ethiopia; Eritrea | still used as a liturgical language [246] |
4th century CE | Biblical Hebrew | Semitic | Israel | revived in the 1880s |
3rd-4th century CE | Numidian | Afro-Asiatic | Numidia | |
after 300 CE | Parthian | Iranian | Iran |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
3rd century CE | Raetic | unclassified, maybe Tyrsenian | eastern Alps | |
c. 200 CE | Qatabanian | Afro-Asiatic | Yemen |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
after 2nd century CE | Noric | Celtic | Austria; Slovenia | |
after 2nd century CE | Pisidian | Anatolian | southwestern Anatolia | |
after 150 | Bactrian | Iranian | Afghanistan | |
ca. 100 CE | Akkadian | Semitic | Mesopotamia | [247] |
100 CE | Etruscan | Tyrsenian | central Italy | |
100 CE | Armazic | Semitic | South Caucasus | [249] |
ca. 2nd century CE | Celtiberian | Celtic | central-eastern Spain | |
ca. 2nd century CE | Gallaecian | Celtic | northwestern Spain, northern Portugal | |
2nd century CE | Lusitanian | Indo-European | Portugal, southwestern Spain | |
ca. 2nd century CE | Sorothaptic | Indo-European | eastern Spain | |
2nd century CE | Phrygian | Indo-European | southeastern Bulgaria; Anatolia | [250] |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st – 2nd century CE | Paeonian | Indo-European | Macedonia; Greece; Bulgaria | |
1st – 2nd century CE | Iberian | unclassified | Spain; France | |
1st century CE | Liburnian | Indo-European | western Croatia | |
1st century CE | Median | Indo-European | Persia | [251] |
Approximately 100 CE | Oscan | Italic | southern Italy | |
1st century CE | Venetic | Indo-European | northeastern Italy |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st century BCE | Elymian | unclassified | western Sicily | |
1st century BCE | Lycian | Anatolian | southwestern Anatolia | |
1st century BCE | Lydian | Anatolian | western Anatolia | |
1st century BCE | Messapian | Indo-European | Apulia, Italy | |
1st century BCE | Mysian | Anatolian | northwestern Anatolia | |
1st century BCE | Sabine | Italic | central Italy | |
1st century BCE | Sicanian | unclassified | central Sicily | |
1st century BCE | Sicel | Indo-European | eastern Sicily | |
1st century BCE | Umbrian | Italic | central Italy | |
early 1st millennium BCE | Eteocretan | isolate/ unclassified | Crete, Greece | |
1st millennium BCE | Milyan | Anatolian | Anatolia |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
100 BCE | Vestinian | Italic | east-central Italy | [252] |
ca. 150 BCE | Faliscan | Italic | Tuscany/ Latium, Italy | |
ca. 100 BCE | Minaean | Afro-Asiatic | Yemen | |
2nd century BCE | Phoenician | Afro-Asiatic | Canaan, North Africa, Cyprus, Iberia, Sicily, Malta and Sardinia |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 3rd century BCE | Volscian | Italic | Italy; Latium | |
ca. 3rd century BCE | Aequian | Italic | Latium, east-central Italy | |
ca. 3rd century BCE | Sidetic | Anatolian | southwestern Anatolia | |
3rd century BCE | Carian | Anatolian | southwestern Anatolia |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
early 4th century BCE | Eteocypriot | isolate/ unclassified | Cyprus | |
4th century BCE | Ancient Macedonian | Indo-European | northeastern Greece | |
ca. 300 BCE | Philistine | unclassified, maybe Indo-European | Israel; Lebanon | |
ca. 350 BCE | Elamite | isolate | Persia; southern Mesopotamia |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
after 5th century BCE | Tartessian | unclassified | Spain | [253] |
5th century BCE | Ammonite | Semitic | northwestern Jordan | |
5th century BCE | Moabite | Semitic | northwestern Jordan | |
ca. 400 BCE | Lepontic | Celtic | northern Italy |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
after 6th century BCE | Lemnian | Tyrsenian | Lemnos, Greece | [254] |
6th century BCE | Edomite | Semitic | southwestern Jordan | |
6th century BCE | Urartian | Hurro-Urartian | Armenia; Georgia; Iraq; Anatolia |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 600 BCE | Luwian | Anatolian | Anatolia; northern Syria |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
c. 2000-1800 BCE | Sumerian | isolate | Mesopotamia | used as a literary and liturgical language until about 100 CE [255] |
ca. 1500 BCE | Hattic | Unclassified, possibly Northwest Caucasian | Anatolia | |
ca. 1450 BCE | Minoan | unclassified | Crete | may have evolved into Eteocretan |
ca. 1300 BCE | Palaic | Anatolian | northwest Anatolia | |
after 1170 BCE | Ugaritic | Semitic | Syria | following the destruction of Ugarit |
ca. 1100 BCE | Hittite | Anatolian | Anatolia | |
ca. 1100 BCE | Sutean | Afro-Asiatic | Northeast Syria | Spoken around 2100 BCE |
ca. 1050 BCE | Cypro-Minoan | unclassified | Cyprus | may have evolved into Eteocypriot |
ca. 1000 BCE | Hurrian | Hurro-Urartian | Anatolia; Syria; Mesopotamia |
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
3rd millennium BCE | Eblaite | Semitic | Syria |
... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921.
This lect is the descendant of the Fergana Kipchak language that went extinct in the late 1920's.
She is probably best known for her cylinder recordings of Aboriginal songs, recorded in 1899, which are the only audio recordings of an indigenous Tasmanian language.
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the 11th century, to the end of the 15th century
Siculo Arabic is the term used for the variety (or varieties) of Arabic spoken in Sicily under the Arabs and then the Normans from the 9th to 13th centuries.
7th century BC - 100 AD.
1st-2nd centuries AD.