A labor camp (or labour camp, see
spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are
forced to engage in
penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have many common aspects with
slavery and with
prisons (especially
prison farms). Conditions at labor camps vary widely depending on the operators. Convention no. 105 of the United Nations
International Labour Organization (ILO), adopted internationally on 27 June 1957, abolished camps of forced labor.[1]
In the 20th century, a new category of labor camps developed for the imprisonment of millions of people who were not criminals per se, but political opponents (real or imagined) and various so-called undesirables under communist and fascist regimes.
The
Allies of World War II operated a number of work camps after the war. At the
Yalta Conference in 1945, it was agreed that German
forced labor was to be utilized as reparations. The majority of the camps were in the
Soviet Union, but more than one million Germans were forced to work in French coal-mines and British agriculture, as well as 500,000 in US-run Military Labor Service Units in occupied Germany itself.[5] See
Forced labor of Germans after World War II.
Beginning in November 1965, people classified as "against the government" were summoned to work camps referred to as "
Military Units to Aid Production" (UMAP).[8]
Also between 1950 and 1954 many men were considered "politically unreliable" for
compulsory military service, and were conscripted to labour battalions (Czech: Pomocné technické prapory (PTP)) instead.[citation needed]
During
World War II the
Nazis operated several categories of Arbeitslager (Labor Camps) for different categories of inmates. The largest number of them held Jewish civilians forcibly abducted in the occupied countries (see
Łapanka) to provide labor in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges or work on farms. By 1944, 19.9% of all workers were foreigners, either civilians or
prisoners of war.[13]
During the early 20th century, the
Empire of Japan used the forced labor of millions of civilians from conquered countries and prisoners of war, especially during the
Second Sino-Japanese War and the
Pacific War, on projects such as the
Death Railway. Hundreds of thousands of people died as a direct result of the overwork, malnutrition, preventable disease and violence which were commonplace on these projects.
North Korea is known to operate six camps with prison-labor colonies for political criminals (
Kwan-li-so). The total number of prisoners in these colonies is 150,000 to 200,000. Once condemned as a political criminal in North Korea, the defendant and his/or her family are incarcerated for life in one of the camps without trial and cut off from all outside contact.[14]
Imperial Russia operated a system of remote
Siberian forced labor camps as part of its regular judicial system, called
katorga.
The
Soviet Union took over the already extensive katorga system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the
Gulag to run the camps. In 1954, a year after Stalin's death, the new Soviet government of
Nikita Khrushchev began to release political prisoners and close down the camps. By the end of the 1950s, virtually all "corrective labor camps" were reorganized, mostly into the system of
corrective labor colonies. Officially, the Gulag was terminated by the
MVD order 20 of January 25, 1960.[15]
During the period of
Stalinism, the
Gulag labor camps in the
Soviet Union were officially called "Corrective labor camps". The term "labor colony"; more exactly, "Corrective labor colony", (
Russian: исправительно-трудовая колония, abbr. ИТК), was also in use, most notably the ones for underaged (16 years or younger) convicts and captured besprizorniki (
street children, literally, "children without family care"). After the reformation of the camps into the Gulag, the term "corrective labor colony" essentially encompassed labor camps.[citation needed]
14 labor camps were operated by the
Swedish state during
World War II. The majority of internees were
communists, but radical
social democrats,
syndicalists,
anarchists,
trade unionists,
anti-fascists and other "unreliable elements" of Swedish society, as well as
German dissidents and deserters from the
Wehrmacht, were also interned. The internees were placed in the labor camps indefinitely, without trial, and without being informed of the accusations made against them. Officially, the camps were called "labor companies" (Swedish: arbetskompanier). The system was established by the Royal Board of Social Affairs and sanctioned by the
third cabinet of
Per Albin Hansson, a
grand coalition which included all parties represented in the Swedish
Riksdag, with the notable exception of the
Communist Party of Sweden.
After the war, many former camp inmates had difficulty finding a job, since they had been branded as "subversive elements".[16]
The
Goli Otok prison camp for political opponents ran from 1946 to 1956.
21st century
China
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, which closed on December 28, 2013, passed a decision on abolishing the legal provisions on
reeducation through labor. However, penal labor allegedly continues to exist in Xinjiang re-education camps according to
Radio Free Asia.[22]
North Korea is known to operate six camps with prison-labor colonies for political criminals (
Kwan-li-so). The total number of prisoners in these colonies is 150,000 – 200,000. Once condemned as a political criminal in North Korea, the defendant and their families are incarcerated for lifetime in one of the camps without trial, and are cut off from all outside contact.[14]
^
Gibson, Mary; Poerio, Ilaria (2018). "Modern Europe, 1750–1950". In Anderson, Clare (ed.).
A Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies. Bloomsbury Publishing.
ISBN978-1350000698. Retrieved 2019-10-07. A second early modern form of punishment, the galleys, constituted a more direct precedent to the earliest hard labour camps. [...] Galley rowing offered no promise of rehabilitation and, in fact, often led to disease and death. However, it shared with the prison workhouses of northern Europe a new aspiration to integrate hard labour into punishment for the eeconomic benefit of the state.
^Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996).
A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press (published 2010). p. 185.
ISBN978-1442698796. Retrieved 2019-10-07. And what happened to the captives from Ukraine [...]? The slaves functioned at all levels of Ottoman society [...]. At the lowest end of the social scale were galley slaves conscripted into the imperial naval fleet and field hands who labored on Ottoman landed estates.
^
van Ruymbeke, Bertrand (2005). "'A Dominion of True Believers Not a Republic for Heretics': French Colonial Religious Policy and the Settlement of Early louisiana, 1699–1730". In Bond, Bradley G. (ed.).
French Colonial Louisiana and the Atlantic World. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 90.
ISBN978-0807130353. Retrieved 2019-10-07. Andre Zysberg's study shows that [...] nearly 1,500 Huguenots were sentenced to the galleys between 1680 and 1716 [...].
^John Dietrich, The Morgenthau Plan: Soviet Influence on American Postwar Policy (2002)
ISBN1-892941-90-2
^General History of Africa, Albert Adu Boahen, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, p. 196, 1990