Kingswood Abbey | |
---|---|
Type | Abbey |
Location | Kingswood, Stroud District |
Coordinates | 51°37′35″N 2°22′00″W / 51.62639°N 2.36667°W |
OS grid reference | ST 74705 92035 |
Area | Gloucestershire |
Built | 1139 |
Owner | English Heritage |
Official name | Kingswood Abbey gate |
Reference no. | 1004872 |
Listed Building – Grade I | |
Official name | Abbey gatehouse and adjoining wall to east |
Designated | 23 June 1952 |
Reference no. | 1238022 |
Kingswood Abbey was a Cistercian abbey, located in the village of Kingswood near Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, England. The abbey was demolished during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and all that remains is the gatehouse, a Grade 1 listed building. Through the gatehouse arch are a few houses and the small village primary school of Kingswood.
Kingswood Abbey was founded in 1139 by William of Berkeley, provost of Berkeley, [1] in accordance with the wishes of his late uncle, Roger II of Berkeley, and colonised from the Cistercian house at Tintern, Monmouthshire. [2] The founding family were the feudal barons of Dursley, who intermarried later with the progeny of Robert Fitzharding (d.1170), 1st feudal baron of Berkeley Castle.
In the mid-12th century the abbot and all but a few monks removed, first to Hazleton Abbey and then, for want of water at that site, to Tetbury, [3] Kingswood becoming a grange until the return of the community to "Mireford" in Kingswood, close to the earlier site. [4] According to the taxation of Pope Nicholas IV in 1291, annual spiritualities and temporalities came to £54 1s 6d, and at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries the abbey was variously valued at about £245. [5]
The replacement of the old abbot by a royal appointee in 1517 occasioned a riot in which the monks were joined by their neighbours: the displeasure of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, effected the restoration of order. [6] Henry VIII leased the monastery estate to the courtier Sir Nicholas Poyntz for a period of 21 years, and in 1559 Elizabeth granted it to Sir John Thynne, the builder of Longleat. [7]
The cellarer's and bursar's accounts that survive for 1240-41 (Cellarer's accounts) and 1241-2 (Bursar's accounts) may well be the earliest accounts of their kind now in existence, [8] but all that survives at the site today is the early 16th-century abbey gatehouse (illustration), which is under the care of English Heritage. [9]
The abbey and its church were so efficiently demolished that their precise location is unknown. The gatehouse is noteworthy for its embellishments, with gable ridge decorations, a pair of niches with statues (only one remains), pinnacles and fine windows with carved mullions. The lodging to the right is merely a facade, but that to the left is still inhabited. [10]
Calcot Manor, a few miles to the northeast, was built as a tithe barn by the monks of the abbey. Forty-eight original charters of Kingswood Abbey, covering the years 1225 to 1444 and preserved in antiquarian collections, last went on sale at Sotheby's in 1945. [11]