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[[Image:Kashmir 2007.JPG|right|thumb|250px|The disputed areas of the region of Kashmir. India claims the entire erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir based on an [[instrument of accession]] signed in 1947. Pakistan claims all areas of the erstwhile state except for those claimed by China. China claims the [[Shaksam Valley]] and [[Aksai Chin]].]]

<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Kashmir-Accession-Document-a.jpg|right|thumb|Page 1, The [[Treaty of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)]] to the [[Union of India]] signed on 26 October 1947, and accepted the following day which shows Maharaja [[Hari Singh]]'s accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to [[India]]]] -->

<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Kashmir-Accession-Document-b.jpg|right|thumb|Page 2, [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)]], with signatures of Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir, and Viscount [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]] of Burma, [[Governor-General of India]].]] -->

The '''Kashmir conflict''' refers to the [[territorial dispute]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] (and between [[India]] and the [[People's Republic of China]]) over [[Kashmir region|Kashmir]], the northwesternmost region of the [[Indian subcontinent]].

India claims the entire erstwhile [[Dogra]] [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] and presently administers approximately half the region including most of [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Ladakh]] and the [[Siachen Glacier]]. India's claim is contested by Pakistan which controls a third of Kashmir, mainly [[Azad Kashmir]] and the northern areas of [[Gilgit]] and [[Baltistan]]. The Kashmiri region under Chinese control is known as [[Aksai Chin]]. In addition, China also controls the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]], also known as the Shaksam Valley, that was ceded to it by Pakistan in 1963.

The official stated stance of India is that Kashmir is an "integral part" of India, while the official stated stance of Pakistan is that Kashmir is a disputed territory whose final status can only be determined by the Kashmiri people.

India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir: in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|1999]]. India and China have [[Sino-Indian War|clashed once]], in 1962 over [[Aksai Chin]] as well as the northeastern [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. India and Pakistan have also been involved in several [[Siachen conflict|skirmishes over Siachen Glacier]]. Since the [[1990s]], the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Indian administered [[Jammu and Kashmir]] has been hit by confrontation between Kashmiri separatists, including militants who India alleges are supported by Pakistan, and the [[Armed Forces of India|Indian Armed Forces]], which has resulted in thousands of deaths<ref>[http://mea.gov.in/bestoftheweb/2002/06/09bow01.htm A Good Voice Silenced: Kashmir's Loss Is Also Mine]</ref>.

==Partition, dispute and war==

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</div>

[[Image:Kashmir map big.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A map of the Kashmir region showing the boundaries of the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in red.]]

In [[1935]], British rulers compelled the [[Dogra]] King of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] to lease parts of his kingdom, which were to make up the new Province of the North-West Frontier, for 60 years. This move was designed to strengthen the northern boundaries, especially from [[Russia]].

In [[1947]], the British dominion of India came to an end with the creation of two new nations, India and Pakistan. Each of the 562 Indian [[princely state]]s joined one of the two new nations: the Union of [[India]] or the Dominion of [[Pakistan]]. [[Jammu and Kashmir]] had a predominantly Muslim population but a Hindu ruler, and was the largest of these autonomous states and bordered both modern countries. Its ruler was the Dogra King (or [[Maharaja]]) [[Hari Singh]]. Hari Singh preferred to remain independent and sought to avoid the stress placed on him by either India and Pakistan by playing each against the other.

In October 1947, Pakistani tribals from [[Dir]] entered Kashmir with the hope to liberate it from Dogra rule. The state forces were not able to withstand the invasion and the Maharaja signed The [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] that was accepted by the [[Government of India]] on [[October 27]], [[1947]].

==Timeline==
The following is a timeline of the [[Kashmir]] conflict.
*'''January, 1947:''' Elections to the state legislative assembly are held, with leaders of both of the state's main political parties (the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] and the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]]) in prison. The National Conference boycotts the polls, and the pro-Pakistan Muslim Conference wins a majority of seats.<ref name=VS/>
*'''Spring, 1947:''' Protests against the Maharaja's taxation policies turn into a rebellion against [[Dogra]] rule in the district of [[Poonch District (AJK)|Poonch]]. The revolt spreads to [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]] and [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]] districts.<ref name=VS>Schofield, Victoria. 2003. ''Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War''. I.B.Tauris. Pages 41-43</ref><ref name=bose>Bose, Sumantra. 2005. ''Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace.'' Harvard University Press. Pages 32-33.</ref>
*'''July 19, 1947:''' The [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]], the majority party in the legislative assembly at the time, unanimously passes a resolution in favor of the accession of the state to [[Pakistan]]. Shortly thereafter, the "War Council" of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] also meets; eight out of thirteen members vote in favor of accession to [[Pakistan]].<ref>Bakshi, Shiri Ram. 1997. ''Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture.'' Sarup & Sons. Page 250.</ref>
*'''August-October, 1947:''' Communal riots break out in the [[Jammu]] region of the state; an estimated 200,000 [[Muslims]] are killed and much of the remaining population flees to [[Pakistan]].<ref name=VS/>
*'''August 15, 1947:''' Independence and partition of [[British India]] into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Jammu and Kashmir does not decide which dominion to join.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1947.stm BBC NEWS | India Pakistan | Timeline<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><span class="plainlinks"></span>
*'''October 3, 1947:''' Pro-Pakistan chieftains from the districts of [[Poonch District (AJK)|Poonch]], [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]], and [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]] declare independence from [[Dogra]] rule, and announce the formation of a provisional [[Azad Kashmir|"Azad" (free) Jammu and Kashmir]] government at [[Rawalpindi]], [[Pakistan]].<ref name=bose>Bose, Sumantra. 2005. ''Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace.'' Harvard University Press. Pages 32-33.</ref>
*'''October 17, 1947:''' [[Maharaja of Patiala|Patiala]] state forces enter Jammu & Kashmir to aid the Maharaja in his campaign against the separatists.<ref>Wirsing, Robert. 1994. ''India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir Dispute: On Regional Conflict and Its Resolution.'' Macmillian. Pages 50-51.</ref>
*'''October 22, 1947:''' Pashtuns from Pakistan's [[North-West Frontier Province|North West Frontier Province]], backed by Pakistani army, invade [[Kashmir]]. Maharaja of Kashmir asks India for help.<ref name=stein> Stein, Burton. 1998. ''A History of India''. Oxford University Press. 432 pages. ISBN 0195654463. Page 368.</ref>
*'''1947/1948:''' [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] commences. Indian troops enter Srinagar.
*'''1965:''' Pakistan launches [[Operation Gibralter]] which leads to [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].
*'''December 6, 1971:''' [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]; Secession of ''[[Bangladesh|East Bangla]]''
*'''1972:''' [[Republic of India]] and [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] agree to respect the [[cease-fire]] as Line of Control.
*'''April 13, 1984:''' The Indian Army takes [[Siachen Glacier]] region of [[Kashmir]].
*'''May, 1987:''' As a result of an agreement between [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Farooq Abdullah]], elections for the [[Jammu and Kashmir]] State Assembly are blatantly fixed in favor of the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]], resulting in widespread unrest in the state.<ref>[[MJ Akbar|Akbar, MJ]]. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501021007-356124,00.html Exerting Moral Force]. "[[Time Magazine]]," [[September 30]], [[2002]].</ref><ref>Ganguly, Sumit. [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/sumit.htm Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency: Political Mobilization and Institutional Decay]. "[[International Security]]," vol. 21, no. 2.</ref><ref>[http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/back.htm Behind the Kashmir Conflict]. "[[Human Rights Watch]]," [[1999]].</ref>
*'''1989:''' [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Armed militancy begins in Kashmir]].
*'''January 20, 1990:''' At least 50 Kashmiri protesters are shot to death by Indian paramilitary forces on the Gawakadal bridge in [[Srinagar]] in an incident that later becomes known as the [[Gawakadal massacre]].
*'''February 5, 1990:''' First Solidarity day is observed throughout [[Pakistan]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] for the alleged massacres by Indian armed forces.<ref>http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080206/j&k.htm#7 Kashmir Solidarity Day in Pak now a subdued ritual</ref>
*'''January 3, 1993:''' Indian paramilitary forces burn down the main market in the town of [[Sopore]] and open fire on bystanders, killing at least 55 in what becomes known as the [[Sopore massacre]].
*'''April 10, 1993:''' Indian paramilitary forces [[Burning of Lal Chowk|burn down Lal Chowk,]] the main commercial district of [[Srinagar]], and open fire on civilians fleeing the burning city center.
*'''May 1999:''' Intrusion of Pakistan-backed militants into Indian-Kashmir. [[Kargil War]] commences.
*'''March 20, 2000:''' Murder of 35 [[Sikh]]s by the [[Islamic Fundamentalist]] [[militant Islam|militant]] group [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] called the [[Chittisinghpura massacre]].
*'''July 14-16, 2001:''' General [[Pervez Musharraf]] and [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]] [[Agra summit|meet for peace talks]].
*'''October 2001:''' [[2001 attack on Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly|Jammu and Kashmir state assembly]] in [[Srinagar]] attacked.
*'''May 2, 2003:''' India and Pakistan restore diplomatic ties.
*'''July 11, 2003:''' [[Delhi]]-[[Lahore]] bus service resumes
*'''November 2003:''' Indo-Pakistan cease-fire is declared.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-11/27/content_285276.htm India and Pakistan cease-fire holds in Kashmir<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>
*'''September 24, 2004:''' Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and President [[Musharraf]] meet in New York during UN General Assembly.
*'''July, 2006 :''' Second round of Indo-Pakistani peace talks.

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1947===
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947}}

The [[irregular military|irregular]] Pakistani tribals made rapid advances into [[Kashmir]] ([[Baramulla]] sector) after the rumours that the Maharaja was going to decide for the union with India. Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir asked the [[Government of India]] to intervene. However, the [[Government of India]] pointed out that India and Pakistan had signed an agreement of non-intervention (maintenance of the [[status quo]]) in [[Jammu and Kashmir]]; and although tribal fighters from Pakistan had entered Jammu and Kashmir, there was, until then, no iron-clad legal evidence to unequivocally prove that the [[Government of Pakistan]] was officially involved. It would have been illegal for India to unilaterally intervene (in an open, official capacity) unless Jammu and Kashmir officially joined the [[India|Union of India]], at which point it would be possible to send in its forces and occupy the remaining parts.

The Maharaja desperately needed the [[Military of India|Indian military]]'s help when the Pathan tribal invaders reached the outskirts of [[Srinagar]]. Before their arrival into [[Srinagar]], India argues that Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] completed negotiations for acceding Jammu and Kashmir to India in exchange for receiving military aid. The agreement which ceded Jammu and Kashmir to India was signed by the Maharaja and [[Lord Mountbatten]].{{ref|lord}}

[[Image:mountbatten.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession of Kashmir to India]] was accepted by [[Viceroy]] [[Lord Mountbatten]]]]The resulting war over Kashmir, the [[First Kashmir War]], lasted until [[1948]], when India moved the issue to the [[UN Security Council]]. The UN previously had passed resolutions setting up for the monitoring of the conflict in Kashmir. The committee it set up was called the [[United Nations Committee for India and Pakistan]]. Following the set up of the UNCIP the UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]] on [[April 21]], [[1948]]. The resolution imposed that an immediate cease-fire take place and said that Pakistan should withdraw all presence and had no say in Jammu and Kashmir politics. It stated that India should retain a minimum military presence and stated "that the final disposition of the State of Jammu and Kashmir will be made in accordance with the will of the people expressed through the democratic method of a free and impartial [[plebiscite]] conducted under the auspices of the United Nations". The cease fire took place [[December 31]], [[1948]].

At that time, the Indian and Pakistani governments agreed to hold the plebiscite but Pakistan did not withdraw its troops from Kashmir thus violating the condition for holding the plebiscite. Over the next several years, the [[UN Security Council]] passed four new resolutions, revising the terms of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]] to include a synchronous withdrawal of both Indian and Pakistani troops from the region, per the recommendations of [[Andrew McNaughton|General Andrew McNaughton]]. To this end, UN arbitrators put forward 11 different proposals for the demilitarization of the region - every one of which was accepted by Pakistan, but rejected by the Indian government.<ref>''India Grabs It.'' '''Time Magazine''', February 4, 1957.</ref>

===Sino-Indian War===
{{main|Sino-Indian War}}

In 1962, troops from the [[People's Republic of China]] and India clashed in territory claimed by both. China won a swift victory in the war, resulting in the Chinese administration of the region called [[Aksai Chin]], which continues to date. In addition to these lands, another smaller area, the [[Trans-Karakoram]], was demarcated as the line of control between China and Pakistan, although parts on the Chinese side are claimed by India to be parts of Kashmir. The line that separates India from China in this region is known as the ''[[Line of Actual Control]]''. [http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/24/aksai.chin/]

===1965 and 1971 wars===
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
In [[1965]] and [[1971]], heavy fighting again broke out between India and Pakistan. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] resulted in the defeat of Pakistan and Pakistan Military's surrender in [[East Pakistan]] ([[Bangladesh]]). The [[Simla Agreement]] was signed in [[1972]] between India and Pakistan. By this treaty, both countries agreed to settle all issues by peaceful means and mutual discussions in the framework of the UN Charter.

==Rise of militancy==
{{Main|Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir}}

In [[1989]], a widespread armed insurgency started in Kashmir, which continues to this day. India contends that this was largely started by the large number of Afghan [[mujahideen]] who entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the [[Soviet-Afghan War]], though Pakistan and Kashmiri nationalists argue that Afghan mujahideen did not leave Afghanistan in large numbers until 1992, three years after the insurgency began.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm Timeline of the conflict] - [[BBC]]</ref> [[Yasin Malik]], a leader of one faction of the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (Yasin Malik)|Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]],along with Ashfaq Majid Wani and Bitta Karate, was one of the Kashmiris to organize militancy in Kashmir. However since 1995, Malik has renounced the use of violence and calls for strictly peaceful methods to resolve the dispute.He developed differences with one of the senior leader farooq papa for shunning the demand for independent Kashmir and trying to cut a deal with Indian Prime Minister resulting in spilt in which Bitta Karete Salim nanaji and other senior comrades joined Farooq papa.(see [[Praveen Swami]]; ''PMO in secret talks with secessionists''.[http://www.thehindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm]
[http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2005/kashmir20051223c.html]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm.
|title=Interview: "I have never been on Pakistan's 'favoured guests' list"
|publisher=[[Newsline]]
|date=[[2005-01-01]]
|accessdate=2006-07-27
}}</ref>

[[Pakistan]] claims these insurgents are Jammu and Kashmir citizens, and they are rising up against the Indian Army in an independence movement. It also says the Indian Army is committing serious human rights violations to the citizens of Jammu and Kashmir. It denies that it is giving armed help to the insurgents. India claims these insurgents are Islamic terrorist groups from Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Afghanistan, fighting to make Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan. It believes Pakistan is giving armed help to the terrorists, and training them in Pakistan. It also says the terrorists have been killing many citizens in Kashmir, and committing human rights violations, while denying that its own armed forces are responsible for the human rights abuses.

The Pakistani government calls these insurgents, "Kashmiri freedom fighters", and claims that it gives only moral and diplomatic support to these insurgents, though India<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060802/world.htm#1UN FBI has images of terror camp in Pak]</ref> believes they are Pakistan-supported terrorists from Pakistan Administered Kashmir.

===Cross-border troubles===

The border and the [[Line of Control]] separating Indian and Pakistani Kashmir passes through some exceptionally difficult terrain. The world's highest battleground, the [[Siachen Glacier]] is a part of this difficult-to-man boundary. Even with 200,000 military personnel, [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_23-11-2004_pg7_59] India maintains that it is infeasible to place enough men to guard all sections of the border throughout the various seasons of the year. Pakistan has indirectly acquiesced its role in failing to prevent "cross border terrorism" when it agreed to curb such activities [http://www.dawn.com/2002/05/30/top1.htm] after intense pressure from the Bush administration in mid 2002.[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/jun2002/ind-j05.shtml]

The [[Government of Pakistan]] has repeatedly claimed that by constructing a fence along the line of control, India is violating the [[Shimla Accord]]. However, India claims the construction of the fence has helped decrease armed infiltration into [[Jammu and Kashmir|Indian-administered Kashmir]].

In [[2002]] Pakistani President and Army Chief General [[Pervez Musharraf]] promised to check [[infiltration]] into [[Jammu and Kashmir]].

===Human rights abuse===

Claims of human rights abuses have been made concerning on both the Indian Armed Forces and the armed militants operating in Jammu and Kashmir. [http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1994/kashmir94-04.htm]. A 2005 study conducted by [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] found that Kashmiri women are among the worst sufferers of sexual violence in the world, with 11.6% of respondents reporting that they had been victims of sexual abuse.<ref>[http://www.combatlaw.org/information.php?issue_id=36&article_id=997 Wailing Woes]</ref> Some surveys have found that in the Kashmir region itself (where the bulk of separatist and Indian military activity is concentrated), popular perception holds that the [[Indian Armed Forces]] are more to blame for human rights violations than the separatist groups. According to the MORI survey of 2002, in Kashmir only 2% of respondents believed that the militant groups were guilty of widespread human rights abuses, while 64% believed that Indian troops were guilty of the same. This trend was reversed however in other parts of the state.<ref>[http://www.ipsos-mori.com/content/kashmiris-reject-war-in-favour-of-democratic-means.ashx Kashmiris Reject War In Favour Of Democratic Means]</ref>

==Reasons behind the dispute==

Ever since the [[Partition of India]] in [[1947]], both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] have staked their claim to Kashmir. These claims are centred on historical incidents and on religious affiliations of the Kashmiri people. The whole Kashmir issue has caused longstanding enmity between post-Colonial India and newly created Muslim Pakistan. It arose as a direct consequence of the partition and independence of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in August 1947. The state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]], which lies strategically in the Northwest of the [[subcontinent]], bordering [[China]] and the former [[Soviet Union]], was a princely state ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh. In geographical terms, the Maharaja could have joined either of the two new Dominions. Although urged by the [[Viceroy]], [[Lord Mountbatten]], to determine the future of his state before the transfer of power took place, [[Hari Singh]] demurred.

Kashmir remains bitterly divided on the ground; two-thirds of it (known as the [[Indian state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]) compromising [[Jammu]], the [[Vale of Kashmir|Valley of Kashmir]] and the sparsely populated [[Buddhist]] area of [[Ladakh]] are controlled by [[India]]; one-third is administered by [[Pakistan]]. This area includes a narrow strip of land (Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas) compromising the [[Gilgit Agency]], and [[Baltistan]] and the former kingdoms of [[Hunza]] and [[Nagar]]. Attempts to resolve the 'core issue' through political discussion were unsuccessful. In September [[1965 war]] broke out again between [[Islamabad]] and [[Delhi]]. The United Nations called for a yet another cease-fire and peace was restored once again following the [[Tashkent Declaration]] in [[1966]], by which both nations returned to their original positions along the demarcated line. After the [[Indo-Pak War of 1971|1971 war]] and the creation of independent [[Bangladesh]] under the terms of the 1972 [[Simla Agreement]], [[Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] of [[India]] and [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] of [[Pakistan]] agreed that neither side would seek to alter the cease-fire line in Kashmir, which was renamed as the [[Line of Control]], "unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".

Numerous violations of the Line of Control including the infamous incursions by insurgents and Pakistani armed forces at Kargil which led to the [[Kargil war]] as well as sporadic clashes on the [[Siachen Glacier]] where both countries maintain forces at altitudes rising to 20,000 ft, add to concern for the stability of the hostile region.

==Indian view==

The Indian claim to Kashmir centers on the agreement between the Dogra Maharaja Hari Singh, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Lord Mountbatten according to which the erstwhile Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir became an integral part of the Union of India through the [[Instrument of Accession]]. It also focuses on India's claim of [[Secularism|secular]] society, an ideology that is not meant to factor religion into governance of major policy and thus considers it irrelevant in a boundary dispute. Another argument by India is that, in India, minorities are very well integrated, with some members of the minority communities holding positions of power and influence in India. Even though more than 80% of India's population practices [[Hinduism]], a former [[President of India]], [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], is a [[Muslim]] while [[Sonia Gandhi]], the parliamentary leader of the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], is a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. The current prime minister of India, [[Manmohan Singh]], is a [[Sikh]] and leader of opposition, [[Lal Krishna Advani]], is a [[Hindu]].

In short, India holds that,
*For the UN Resolution mandating a plebiscite to be valid, Pakistan should first vacate its part of Kashmir.
*The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir had unanimously ratified the Maharaja's instrument of Accession to India and had adopted a constitution for the state that called for a perpetual merger of the state with the Indian Union. India claims that this body was a representative one, and that its views were those of the Kashmiri people at the time.
*India does not accept the [[Two Nation Theory]] that forms the basis of Pakistan.
*India asserts that Kashmir being a religiously diverse region with a large number of Hindus and Buddhists, the region under a non secular Islamic Nation [[Pakistan]] is against the secular credentials of Kashmir. India points to the religious cleansing of the minorities in Pakistan after the independence.
*The state of Jammu and Kashmir was made autonomous by [[Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India]], though this autonomy has since been reduced.
*India also points to an opinion poll held in Jammu and Kashmir that suggests that most of the Muslims living in the Kashmir valley do not want Kashmir to be a part of Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501021007-356124,00.html Exerting Moral Force - TIME<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>
*India alleges that most of the terrorists operating in Kashmir are themselves from Pakistan-administered Kashmir and that Pakistan has been involved in [[state sponsored terrorism]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/us/2003/may/08us.htm US panel raps Pakistan cross-border terrorism<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>
*India states that despite Pakistan being named as an "Islamic Republic", it had allegedly being responsible for one of the worst [[genocide]] of Muslims when it allegedly killed millions of its own countrymen in [[East Pakistan]] in the [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities]].
*India also points to articles and US reports<ref>[http://canberra.usembassy.gov/hyper/2002/1018/epf510.htm] US Embassy</ref> which suggest that the terrorists are funded mostly by Pakistan as well as through criminal means such as from the illegal sale of arms and [[narcotics]] as well as through circulating [[counterfeit]] [[currency]] in India.

==Pakistani view==
[[Image:Kashmir-Pakistan-government-map.jpg|thumb|Map of Kashmir as drawn by the Government of Pakistan.]]
Pakistan's claims to the disputed region are based on the rejection of Indian claims to Kashmir, namely the [[Instrument of Accession]]. Pakistan insists that the Maharaja was not a popular leader, and was regarded as a tyrant by most Kashmiris. Pakistan also accuses India of hypocrisy, as it refused to recognize the accession of [[Junagadh]] to Pakistan and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]'s independence, on the grounds that those two states had Hindu majorities (in fact, India occupied and forcibly integrated those two territories). Furthermore, as he had fled Kashmir due to Pakistani invasion, Pakistan asserts that the Maharaja held no authority in determining Kashmir's future. Additionally, Pakistan argues that even if the Maharaja had any authority in determining the plight of Kashmir, he signed the Instrument of Accession under duress, thus invalidating the legitimacy of his actions.

Pakistan also claims that Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of Accession was signed with India, and that therefore Indian troops were in Kashmir in violation of the [[Standstill Agreement]], which was designed to maintain the status quo in Kashmir (although India was not signatory to the Agreement, signed between Pakistan and the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir).<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1762146.stm BBC NEWS | South Asia | Kashmir: The origins of the dispute<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://www.mofa.gov.pk/Pages/Brief.htm Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>.

From 1990 to 1999 some organizations report that [[Indian Armed Forces]], its paramilitary groups, and counter-insurgent militias have been responsible for the deaths 4,501 of Kashmiri civilians. Also from 1990 to 1999, there are records of 4,242 women between the ages of 7-70 that have been raped.<ref>[http://www.mediamonitors.net/suliman1.html Cry and Anguish for Freedom in Kashmir (by Anver Suliman) - Media Monitors Network<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://www.countercurrents.org/kashmir-hashmi310307.htm Conflict Rape Victims: Abandoned And Forgotten By Syed Junaid Hashmi<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>. Similar allegations were also made by some human rights organizations.<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/asia/india.html Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: India: Human Rights Developments<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>

In short, Pakistan holds that
*The popular Kashmiri insurgency demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish to remain within India. Pakistan suggests that this means that either Kashmir wants to be with Pakistan or independent.
*Indian counterinsurgency tactics merit international monitoring of the Kashmir conflict, and the Indian Army has carried out human rights violations - including torture, rape and extrajudicial killings - against the Kashmiri people.
*According to the [[two-nation theory]] which is one of the theories that cited for the partition that created India and Pakistan, Kashmir should have been with Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority.
*India has shown disregard to the resolutions of the UN (by not holding a plebiscite).
*The Kashmiri people have now been forced by the circumstances to rise against the alleged repression of the [[Indian army]] and uphold their right of self-determination through militancy. Pakistan claims to give the Kashmiri insurgents moral, ethical and military support (see [[1999 Kargil Conflict]]).
*Recent protests in Indian administered Kashmir show a large number of people showing increased anger over Indian rule with massive rallies taking place to oppose Indian control of the state.<ref>http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/08/18/asia/OUKWD-UK-KASHMIR-PROTESTS.php</ref>
* Recent UN reports into the state of Human Rights in [[Jammu and Kashmir]] have criticised [[India]] over its use of force during protests in [[Indian Administered Kashmir]] .<ref>http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/1058F3E39F77ACE5C12574B2004E5CE3?opendocument</ref>

==Water dispute==
Another reason behind the dispute over Kashmir is water. Kashmir is the origin point for many rivers and [[tributaries]] of the [[Indus River]] basin. They include [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] and [[Chenab]] which primarily flow into Pakistan while other branches - the [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Beas]] and the [[Sutlej]] irrigate northern India. Pakistan has been apprehensive that in a dire need India under whose portion of Kashmir lies the origins and passage of the said rivers, would use its strategic advantage and withhold the flow and thus choke the agrarian economy of Pakistan. The Boundary Award of 1947 meant that the headworks of the chief irrigation systems of Pakistan were left located in Indian Territory.
The [[Indus Waters Treaty]] signed in [[1960]] resolved most of these disputes over the sharing of water, calling for mutual cooperation in this regard. This treaty faced issues raised by Pakistan over the construction of dams on the Indian side which limit water to the Pakistani side.

==Map issues==
[[Image:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|[[United Nation]]'s map of [[Jammu and Kashmir]], accepted by the Kashmiris and the Pakistani government]]

As with other disputed territories, each government issues maps depicting their claims in Kashmir as part of their territory, regardless of actual control. It is illegal in India to exclude all or part of Kashmir in a map. It is also illegal in [[Pakistan]] not to include the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] as disputed territory, as permitted by the [[United Nations]]. Non-participants often use the [[Line of Control]] and the [[Line of Actual Control]] as the depicted boundaries, as is done in the [[CIA World Factbook]], and the region is often marked out in hashmarks, although the Indian government strictly opposes such practices{{Fact|date=December 2008}}.<!--Source?--> When [[Microsoft]] released a map in Windows 95 and MapPoint 2002, a controversy was raised because it did not show all of Kashmir as part of India as per Indian claim. However, all the neutral and Pakistani companies claim to follow [[UN]]'s map and over 90% of all maps containing the territory of Kashmir show it as disputed territory.[http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2000/Dec00/12-06gps.asp]

Sources from:

[[UN]]: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Dotted line represents approximately the [[Line of Control]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] agreed upon by the [[Republic of India]] and the [[Government of Pakistan]] since [[1972]]. Both the parties have not yet agreed upon the final [[status]] of the region and nothing significant has been implemented since the peace process began in [[2004]].

[[Islamabad]]: The [[Government of Pakistan]] maintains un-provisionally and unconditionally stating that the informal "Accession of Jammu and Kashmir" to Pakistan or even to the [[Republic of India]] remains to be decided by UN [[plebiscite]]. It accepts [[UN]]'s map of the territory. Also the designations and the presentation of the [[Kashmir]]'s regional map based on [[UNO]] practice, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]] or the publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. There is no intention to define the status Jammu and/or Kashmir, which has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

[[New Delhi]]: The [[Government of India]] states that "the external artificial boundaries of [[India]], especially concerning the [[Kashmir region]] under its jurisdiction created by a foreign body are neither correct nor authenticated". {{Fact|date=September 2007}}

==Recent developments==
{{Cleanup|date=August 2008}}
India continues to assert their sovereignty or rights over the entire region of Kashmir, while Pakistan maintains that it is a disputed territory. Pakistan argues that the status quo cannot be considered as a solution. Pakistan insists on a UN sponsored plebiscite . Unofficially, the Pakistani leadership has indicated that they would be willing to accept alternatives such as a demilitarized Kashmir, if sovereignty of Azad Kashmir was to be extended over the Kashmir valley, or the ‘Chenab’ formula, by which India would retain parts of Kashmir on its side of the Chenab river, and Pakistan the other side - effectively re-partioning Kashmir on communal lines. The problem however is that the Population of Pakistan Administered portion of Kashmir is both ethnically and linguistically and culturally different from that in Kashmir Valley India. The Azad Kashmir population being on the most part ethnic Punjabis. Therefore a Partition on the Chenab formula is opposed by most Kashmiri politicians from all spectrums, though some, such as Sajjad Lone, have in recent months suggested that non-Muslim part of Jammu and Kashmir be separated from Kashmir and handed to India. Some political analysts say that the Pakistan terrorist state policy shift and mellowing down of its aggressive stance may have to do with its total failure in the [[Kargil War]] and the subsequent [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] attacks that put pressure on Pakistan to alter its terrorist position.<ref>[http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2006/Apr/lavoyApr06.asp Pakistan’s Kashmir Policy after the Bush Visit to South Asia Strategic Insights] Volume V, Issue 4 (April 2006) by Peter R. Lavoy</ref> Further many neutral parties to the dispute have noted that UN resolution on Kashmir is no longer relevant.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?art_id=18797747 Kickstart Kashmir] - [[Times of India]].</ref> Even the [[European Union]] has viewed that the plebiscite is not in Kashmiris' interest.<ref>[http://pakobserver.net/200611/30/news/topstories15.asp EU: Plebiscite not in Kashmiris’ interest] - November 30, 2006, Pak Observer</ref> The report also notes, that the UN-laid
down conditions for such a plebiscite have not been, and can no longer be, met by
Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.ikvpaxchristi.nl/news/file.aspx?lid=1&id=1707 REPORT on Kashmir: present situation and future prospects] Committee on Foreign Affairs Rapporteur: [[Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne|Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]]</ref> Even the [[Hurriyat Conference]] observed in 2003, that "Plebiscite no longer an option"<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2003/07/01/stories/2003070102280400.htm Jul 01, 2003, [[The Hindu]]</ref> Besides the popular factions that support either parties, there is a third faction which supports independence and withdrawal of both India and Pakistan. These have been the respective stands of the parties for long, and there have been no significant change over the years. As a result, all efforts to solve the conflict have been futile so far.

The [[Freedom in the World 2006]] report categorized the [[Jammu and Kashmir|Indian-administered Kashmir]] as "partly free", and [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] as well as the country of [[Pakistan]] "not free". [http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/pdf/Charts2006.pdf] India claims that contrary to popular belief, a large proportion of the Jammu and Kashmir populace wish to remain with India. In a 2002 survey by [[MORI]] in the Indian administered areas around 61% of the respondents said they felt they would be better off politically and economically as an Indian citizen, with only 6% preferring Pakistan instead.<ref>[http://www.mori.com/polls/2002/kashmir.shtml Ipsos MORI - Kashmiris Reject War In Favour Of Democratic Means]</ref> However, it is important to note that the same MORI survey found that within the Kashmir Valley, only 9% of respondents said they felt they would be better off as Indian citizens, with 13% preferring Pakistan, and the remaining 78% showing no enthusiasm for either nation.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_1-8-2002_pg3_3 Truth Behind the MORI Poll on Kashmir]</ref><ref>[http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15062002/1506200229.htm Full Text of the MORI Survey on Kashmir]</ref> According to a 2007 poll conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in New Delhi, 87% of respondents in the Kashmir Valley prefer independence over union with India or Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL291796 87 pct in Kashmir Valley Want Independence]</ref>

===Conflict in Kargil===
{{main|Kargil War}}
[[Image:Kargil.map.gif|right|thumb|200px|Location of conflict.]]
In mid-[[1999]] insurgents and Pakistani soldiers from [[Northern Areas, Pakistan|Pakistani Kashmir]] infiltrated into [[Jammu and Kashmir]]. During the winter season, Indian forces regularly move down to lower altitudes as severe climatic conditions makes it almost impossible for them to guard the high peaks near the [[Line of Control]]. The insurgents took advantage of this and occupied vacant mountain peaks of the Kargil range overlooking the highway in Indian Kashmir, connecting [[Srinagar]] and [[Leh]]. By blocking the highway, they wanted to cut-off the only link between the Kashmir Valley and [[Ladakh]]. This resulted in a high-scale conflict between the [[Indian Army]] and the Pakistan Army.

At the same time, fears of the [[Kargil War]] turning into a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], provoked the then-[[United States|US]] President [[Bill Clinton]] to pressure Pakistan to retreat. Faced with mounting losses of personnel and posts, Pakistan Army withdrew the remaining troops from the area ending the conflict. India reclaimed control of the peaks which they now patrol and monitor all year long.

===Efforts to end the crisis===

The 9/11 attacks on the US resulted in the US government wanting to restrain militancy in the world, including Pakistan. US urged [[Islamabad]] to cease infiltrations, which continue to this day, by Islamist militants into Indian-administered Kashmir. In December [[2001]], a [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament]] linked to Pakistan [[2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff|resulted in war threats, massive deployment]] and international fears of [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]] in the subcontinent.

After intensive diplomatic efforts by other countries, India and Pakistan began to withdraw troops from the international border [[June 10]], [[2002]], and negotiations began again.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Effective [[November 26]], [[2003]], India and Pakistan have agreed to maintain a ceasefire along the undisputed International Border, the disputed [[Line of Control]], and the [[Siachen]] glacier. This is the first such "total ceasefire" declared by both nuclear powers in nearly 15 years. In February [[2004]], Pakistan further increased pressure on Pakistanis fighting in Indian-administered Kashmir to adhere to the ceasefire. The nuclear-armed neighbours also launched several other mutual confidence building measures. Restarting the bus service between the Indian- and Pakistani- administered Kashmir has helped defuse the tensions between the countries. Both India and Pakistan have also decided to cooperate on economic fronts.

On Dec. 5, 2006, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf told an Indian TV channel that Pakistan would give up its claim on Kashmir if India accepted some of his peace proposals, including a phased withdrawal of troops, self-governance for locals, no changes in the borders of Kashmir, and a joint supervision mechanism involving India, Pakistan and Kashmir, the BBC reported<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6208660.stm]</ref>. Musharraf also stated that he was ready to give up the United Nations' resolutions regarding Kashmir <ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=7&section=0&article=90157&d=18&m=12&y=2006]</ref>.

==Recent events==
{{Cleanup|date=August 2008}}

The [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], which killed over 80,000 people, led to India and Pakistan finalizing negotiations for the opening of a road for disaster relief through Kashmir.

In the week of [[March 10]] [[2008]], 17 people were wounded when a blast hit the region's only highway overpass located near the Civil Secretariat{{ndash}} Indian-controlled Kashmir's seat of government{{ndash}} and the region's high court. A gun battle between security forces and militants fighting against [[India]]n rule left five people dead and two others injured [[March 23]] [[2008]]. The battle began when security forces raided a house on the outskirts of the capital city of [[Srinagar]]. The [[Indian Army]] has been carrying out search-and-cordon operations against militants in Indian-administered Kashmir since the current armed violence broke out here in [[1989]]. While the authorities here say 43,000 persons have been killed in the violence, various rights groups and non-governmental organizations have put the figure at twice that number<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/23/kashmir.battle/index.html]</ref>.

==Kashmir Uprising, 2008==

Massive demonstrations occurred after plans by the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir state government to [[Amarnath land transfer controversy|transfer 100 acres of land]] to a trust which runs the Hindu [[Amarnath temple|Amarnath shrine]] in the Muslim-majority Kashmir valley.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7576393.stm]</ref>

In response, Indian security forces and the Indian army cracked down on protesters. More than 40 people have been killed<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7600982.stm]</ref> and at least 300 have been detained.<ref>[http://newsblaze.com/story/20080906092021kash.nb/topstory.html]</ref> Pro-Freedom Kashmiri Leader Mirwaiz Umar Farooq warned that the peaceful uprising could lead to violent upsurge if India's heavy-handed crackdown on protests were not restrained<ref>[http://dawn.com/2008/09/08/top7.htm]</ref>.

==See also==

* [[List of topics on the land and the people of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[History of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Timeline of the Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Kashmiriyat]] - a socio-cultural ethos of religious harmony and Kashmiri consciousness
* [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani Wars]]
* [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]
* [[Aksai Chin]]
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Indian Kashmir barrier]]

==Further reading==
* Drew, Federic. 1877. “The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations.&;#8221; 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.
*Dr. Ijaz Hussain, 1998, ''Kashmir Dispute: An International Law Perspective'', National Institute of Pakistan Studies
*Alastair Lamb, Kashmir: ''A Disputed Legacy 1846-1990'' (Hertingfordbury, Herts: Roxford Books, 1991)
*Kashmir Study Group, 1947-1997, the Kashmir dispute at fifty : charting paths to peace (New York, 1997)
*Jaspreet Singh, ''Seventeen Tomatoes{{ndash}} an unprecedented look inside the world of an army camp in Kashmir'' (Vehicule Press; Montreal, Canada, 2004)
*Navnita Behera, ''State, identity and violence : Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh'' (New Delhi: Manohar, 2000)
*Sumit Ganguly, ''The Crisis in Kashmir'' (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Cambridge : Cambridge U.P., 1997)
*[[Sumantra Bose]], ''The challenge in Kashmir : democracy, self-determination and a just peace'' (New Delhi: Sage, 1997)
*Robert Johnson, 'A Region in Turmoil' (London and New York, Reaktion, 2005)
*[[Hans Köchler]], [http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Kashmir_Discourse-European_Parliament-April2008.htm ''The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik. Reflections on a Negotiated Settlement'']. Keynote speech delivered at the "Global Discourse on Kashmir 2008." [[European Parliament]], Brussels, 1 April 2008.
*Prem Shankar Jha, Kashmir, 1947: rival versions of history (New Delhi : Oxford University Press, 1996)
*Manoj Joshi, ''The Lost Rebellion'' (New Delhi: Penguin India, 1999)
*Alexander Evans, ''Why Peace Won't Come to Kashmir'', Current History (Vol 100, No 645) April 2001 p170-175.
*Younghusband, Francis and Molyneux, E. 1917. ''Kashmir''. A. & C. Black, London.
*Victoria Schofield, ''Kashmir in Conflict'' I.B. Tauris, London.
*Victoria Schofield, ''Kashmir in the Crossfire'', I.B. Tauris, London.
*Andrew Whitehead, ''A Mission in Kashmir'', Penguin India, 2007
*Muhammad Ayub, ''An Army; Its Role & Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947-1999). Rosedog Books,Pittsburgh,pennsylvnia USA.2005.ISBN 0-8059-9594-3

==References==
{{citation style}}
<!--meaning, no un-encapsulated links: English titles, dates, publications, etc, for each and every one before removing this tag, please]-->
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/Kashmir/Kashmir.shtml The Future of Kashmir], ACDIS Swords and Ploughshares 16:1 (winter 2007-8), Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
* [http://www.kashmiri-pandit.org/atrocities/index.html]
* [http://www.panunkashmir.org/]
* [http://www.kashmiris.org/webmedia.htm Bookmarks and Coverage on Kashmir Conflict]
* [http://www.kashmirwatch.com/ Kashmir Watch: In-depth coverage on Kashmir conflict]
* [http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/ Legal Documents related to Kashmir including treaties]
* [http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/index.asp Centre for Contemporary Conflict on Kargil War]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/south_asia/2002/kashmir_flashpoint/ BBC articles on Kashmir]
* [http://www.aqibraja.co.uk/The-conflict-in-Kashmir.html Kashmir Conflict]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kashmir.htm Recent Kashmir developments]
* [http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr121.html The Political Economy of the Kashmir Conflict] [[U.S. Institute of Peace]] Report, June 2004
* [http://meaindia.nic.in/jk/kashmirissue.htm The Jammu and Kashmir issue]
* [http://www.kashmirnewz.com/history.html A peep into Kashmir History]
* [http://www.sasnet.lu.se/ishtiaqkashmir.html The Kashmir dispute-cause or symptom?]
* [http://www.defencejournal.com/sept99/loc.htm LoC-Line of Control situation in Kashmir]
* [http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/basics.html Jammu & Kashmir-The Basic Facts]
* [http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/introduction.html Introduction of the Kashmir dispute]
* [http://www.koausa.org/Crown/history.html An outline of the history of Kashmir]
* [http://www.worldisround.com/articles/89927/index.html Images of Muzaffarabad (Capital City of Pakistani controlled Kashmir)]
* [http://www.worldisround.com/articles/57312/index.html Images of Pakistan controlled Kashmir]
* [http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v613/sri.htm News Coverage of Kashmir]
* [http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/binpakkm/index.html Jammu & Kashmir on The Indian Analyst] News, Analysis, and Opinion
* [http://mha.nic.in/accdoc.htm Accession Document]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html ''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA''; [[University of California at Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list]
* [http://www.iiss.org/showdocument.php?docID=426 Timeline since April 2003]
* [http://www.kashmirnewz.com/history.html A peep into Kashmir History and timeline]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html ''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA''; [[University of California at Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list]
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2007-0214&language=EN Kashmir resolution of the European Parliament, 24 May 2007]
* [http://www.imkashmiri.com/ Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]

{{India-Pakistan relations}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

[[Category:Independent India]]
[[Category:History of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Disputed territories]]
[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:History of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]

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