The first information about the tribes of karluks that occupied the territory between Altai and the Eastern coast of Lake Balkhash dates back to the 5th century.[4] The
Karluks were part of the
First Turkic and
Uyghur khaganates. They were composed of three tribes, therefore their ruler mostly called Sanxing Yabghu (
Chinese: 三姓葉護;
lit. '
Yabghu of Three Tribes') in 8th century.[5] In 742, they were named "Right Yabghu" by
Basmyl khagan
Ashina Shi. Like Basmyls, they were ruled by a branch of
Ashina tribe.[6]
Karluk chief Bilge Yabghu Tun Apa Yigen Chor (
Chinese: 毗伽葉護頓阿波移健啜;
pinyin: Píjiā Yèhù Dùn ābō Yíjiàn Chuài) submitted to Uyghur khaganate in 746.[7] He may be same person as Yigen Chor (𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰲𐰆𐰺) mentioned in Kul-Chor stele.[8]
He was succeeded by Tun Bilge Yabghu (
Chinese: 頓毗伽葉護;
pinyin: Dùn Píjiā Yèhù) in 753.[7] A ruler of Karluks were mentioned in Turco-Manichean book "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki Jïltïz Nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at
Kara-Khoja in the
Turpan oasis by
Albert von Le Coq. The book was dedicated to the ruler of the
Chigil tribes, named Alp Burguchan, Alp Tarhan, Alp İl Tirgüg.[9] He probably was the one who conquered
Turgesh state and resettled Karluks in
Zhetysu basin, making
Suyab their capital.[10]
Another ruler was Köbäk,[11] whose coins were found in modern Kyrgyzstan.[10]
^Kli︠a︡shtornyĭ, S. G. (2004). Gosudarstva i narody Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ : drevnostʹ i srednevekovʹe. Sultanov, T. I. (Tursun Ikramovich) (2-e izd., isprav. i dop ed.). Sankt-Peterburg.
ISBN5858032559.
OCLC60357062. {{
cite book}}: |work= ignored (
help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
^
abChavannes, Edouard (2007). Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) occidentaux recueillis et commentés suivi de Notes additionnelles. Bibliothèque Paul-Émile Boulet de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi.
OCLC145840509.