Ceremony to celebrate a reigning monarch's first royal entry into a city
Ferdinand Receives the
Keys of the City from the Virgin of Ghent , print after a painting made by
Antoon van den Heuvel for the Joyous Entry by the
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand into Ghent in 1635
A Joyous Entry (
Dutch : Blijde Intrede, Blijde Inkomst , or Blijde Intocht ;
French : Joyeuse Entrée ) is the official name used for the ceremonial
royal entry , the first official peaceable visit of a reigning
monarch ,
prince ,
duke or
governor into a
city , mainly in the
Duchy of Brabant or the
County of Flanders and occasionally in
France ,
Luxembourg ,
Hungary , or
Scotland , usually coinciding with recognition by the monarch of the
rights or privileges to the city and sometimes accompanied by an extension of them.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
The most recent Joyous Entries took place in 2013 in honour of the Belgian king.
Ceremonial reception
A Joyous Entry is a particular form of, and title for, the general phenomenon of ceremonial entries into cities by rulers or their representatives, which were celebrated with enormous
pageantry and festivities throughout Europe from at least the late Middle Ages on. The leading artists available designed temporary decorated constructions such as
triumphal arches , groups of musicians and actors performed on stands at which the procession halted, the houses on the processional route decorated themselves with hangings, flowers were thrown, and fountains flowed with wine. The custom began in the
Middle Ages and continued until the
French Revolution , although less often in Protestant counties after the
Reformation . A formal first visit to a city by an inheritor of the
throne of Belgium upon his accession and since 1900 for a
crown prince upon his marriage, is still referred to as a "Joyous Entry", a reminder of this tradition of the
rule of law .
[5]
[6]
Charter of liberties
The Joyous Entry of
John of Austria into
Brussels , 1 May 1577. Print from 'The Wars of Nassau' by
W. Baudartius ,
Amsterdam 1616.
In the
Duchy of Brabant the term Joyous Entry was also applied to the charter of liberties that a new ruler was obliged to swear to uphold upon their formal first reception, dating back to the
Joyous Entry of 1356 . One of the functions of the
Council of Brabant was to ensure that new legislation did not contravene or abrogate the liberties established in the Joyous Entry.
[7]
Kingdom of Belgium
In Belgium this ceremonial reception of the new sovereign has continued since 1830. Ceremonial entries are performed by the new royal couple in the capitals of the provinces after the installation of the King. The same goes for the Duke of Brabant, who after his marriage presents the new duchess of Brabant to the public. The most recent Joyous Entries were organised in honour of
King Philippe and
Queen Mathilde in 2013.
[8]
Some notable Joyous Entries
In 1356, the
Joyous Entry into Brussels , by
Joanna and her husband
Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg , upon her becoming Duchess of Brabant on the death of her father
John the Triumphant .
[9]
[10]
In 1407?, a Joyous Entry, by
John the Fearless .
[11]
In 142?, a Joyous Entry, by
Philip the Good .
[11]
In 1464, the Joyous Entry into
Sopron , by King
Matthias of Hungary , atypically mainly celebrating the return of the object of the Crown.
[12]
In 1467, the (not so very) 'Joyous' Entry into
Ghent , by
Charles the Bold .
[11]
[13]
[14]
In 1468, the Joyous Entry into
Bruges , by
Charles the Bold and
Margaret of York .
[15]
In 1478, the Joyous Entry into
Antwerp , by
Maximilian of Austria .
[3]
In 1493?, the Joyous Entry into
Mechelen , by
Maximilian of Austria (and his young daughter
Margarete )
In 1496, the Joyous Entry into
Brussels , by
Joanna the Mad .
[3]
In 1501, a tour of Joyous Entries throughout
Hainaut ,
Picardy ,
Île-de-France ,
Champagne ,
Burgundy and
Franche-Comté , by
Philibert II, Duke of Savoy and
Margarete of Austria upon their marriage, and the following year into
Bourg-en-Bresse .
[2]
[16]
In 1507, the Joyous Entry into
Mechelen , by
Philibert 's widow
Margarete , returning as Regent of the
Low Countries .
[16]
[17]
In 1515, the Joyous Entries into
Bruges ,
Ghent ,
Antwerp , and
Leiden , by young Prince
Charles .
[2]
[13]
[18]
[19]
Joyous Entry into Brussels of Archduchess Maria Elisabeth on 9 October 1725 by
Andreas Martin
In 1520, the Joyous Entry into
Bruges , by young King
Charles
In 1548, the Joyous Entry into
Lyon , by
Henri II of Valois .
[20]
In 1549, a series of Joyous Entries into the Low Countries by
Charles V and his son
Philip II of Spain in (among other cities)
Antwerp ,
Brussels and
Bruges .
[21]
[22]
In 1550, the Joyous Entry into
Rouen , by
Henri II of Valois .
[20]
In 1561?, the (not so very) Joyous Entry into
Mechelen , by
Granvelle , as
Archbishop .
[23]
In 1577, the (not so very) 'Joyous' Entry into
Brussels , by
Don John , as Governor of the
Spanish Netherlands .
[24]
In 1578, the Joyous Entry into
Brussels , by Prince
Matthias, later the Magnificent .
[25]
In 1582, the Joyous Entry into
Antwerp ,
Bruges , and
Ghent , by
François, Duke of Anjou .
[13]
In 1594, the Joyous Entry into
Brussels and
Antwerp , by
Archduke Ernest of Austria
In 1590, the
Entry into Edinburgh , by
Anne of Denmark
In 1599–1600, a tour of Joyous Entries into
Leuven ,
Brussels ,
Mechlin ,
Antwerp ,
Ghent ,
Bruges ,
Tournai , etc., by
Archduke Albert and the
Infanta Isabella .
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
In 1635, the Joyous Entry by the
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand into Antwerp (decorations designed by
Gaspar Gevartius ,
Theodoor van Thulden and
Rubens ) and Ghent.
[28]
[30]
[31]
On 9 October 1725,
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria made her Joyous Entry into Brussels as regent governor of the Austrian Netherlands.
[32]
In 1891, the Joyous Entry into
Luxembourg , by
Grand Duke Adolphe and his wife Adelheid.
[33]
On 22 November 1918,
King Albert I entered Brussels with the Belgian Army of the Yser after
four years of German occupation in
World War I .
[34]
References
^
Encyclopædia Britannica Joyeuse Entrée
^
a
b
c
Bell & Hawell Information and Leaming: Margaret of Austria and Brou: Habsburg Political Patronage in Savoy thesis submitted by Deanna MacDonald, Department of Art History and Archaeology, McGilf University, Montreal (pdf file)
^
a
b
c
University of Leiden: Self-Representation of Court and City in Flanders and Brabant in the Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries, by Wim Blockmans & Esther Donckers
Archived 2007-07-26 at the
Wayback Machine (pdf file)
^
The Project Gutenberg EBook Holland, The History of the Netherlands by Thomas Colley Grattan
^
Museum of the World Ocean — The thirtieth anniversary of the international conferences (schools) for marine geology
Archived 2006-09-25 at the
Wayback Machine
^ (in Dutch)
Nieuwsbank interactief Nederlands persbureau
^ D. De Stobbeleir, "Verzet tegen de hervormingen van Jozef II en de staatsgreep van 18 juni 1789", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis (
State Archives in Belgium , Brussels, 1980), pp. 262–267.
^
De Blijde Intredes van Filip en Mathilde ,
De Standaard , 23 July 2013.
^
CRW Flags Brabant (Former province, Belgium)
^ (in Dutch)
VRTtaal.net Blijde Inkomst (Language site by the official public TV broadcaster)
^
a
b
c (in Dutch)
University of Leiden: Vlaanderen 1384–1482 , by W.P. Blockmans
Archived 2007-07-26 at the
Wayback Machine (pdf file)
^ (in Dutch)
Dissertations University of Groningen: De Hongaarse heilige kroon (The Hungarian Sacred Crown)
Archived 2007-09-27 at the
Wayback Machine (pdf file)
^
a
b
c
presentation of a university conference , see:
LA Williams Andrews Clark Library Conference The political culture of the revolt of the Netherlands, 1566–1648 , October 7–8 2005 (draft) by Marc Boone (University of Ghent)
^
The Project Gutenberg EBook Charles the Bold, Last Duke of Burgundy , by Ruth Putnam
Archived 2006-05-05 at the
Wayback Machine
^
"whips and angels , Painting on Cloth in the Mediaeval Period" by Barbara Gordon
Archived 2007-01-24 at the
Wayback Machine
^
a
b (in Dutch) [series Joos De Rijcke: Margaretha van Oostenrijk of van Savoye , mentioning sources DEBAE 1987, Kocken 1981, DE IONGH 1981]
^ (in Dutch)
Tertio, Christian weekly journal, 297 p. 11 – 2005-10-19: Stad in vorstelijke vrouwenhanden – Mechelse Margareta’s by Sabine Alexander
Archived 2006-10-10 at the
Wayback Machine
^
University of Utrecht – C.M.M.E. A Choirbook for Henry VIII and his Sisters ed. Theodor Dumitrescu
^
De Divisiekroniek van 1517 , republished Amsterdam 2003, Editor: Karin Tilmans
Archived 2007-02-04 at the
Wayback Machine (pdf file)
^
a
b
British Library Festivals in Valois France
^ "Kuyper,W. The Triumphant Entry of Renaissance architecture into the Netherlands. The Joyeuse Entrée of Philip of Spain into Antwerp in 1549. Renaissance and Mannerist architecture in the Low Countries from 1530 to 1630 , Alphen aan de Rijn, 1994."
^ Bussels, S. "The Antwerp Entry of Prince Philip in 1549. Rhetoric, Performance and Power", Amsterdam - New York, 2012.
^
American Presbyterian Church: Duchess Margaret I , part 2, chapter 2 Opposition to Philip and Cardinal Granvelle in the Netherlands
Archived 2007-07-08 at the
Wayback Machine
^
University of Mannheim site: The Cambridge Modern History, planned by Lord Acton, ed. by Adolphus W. Ward. Cambridge: Univ. Press volume III, chapter XV Spain under Philip II by Martin Hume, of the Royal Spanish Academy
^ (in Dutch)
municipality of Willebroek, Flanders, Belgium: history Belgium and the Netherlands, year 1578
Archived 2007-09-28 at the
Wayback Machine
^
Catholic University of Leuven, Justus Lipsius: Philologist, Philosopher and Political Theorist
Archived 2007-04-09 at the
Wayback Machine
^
site of the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula (Brussels) — National events
Archived 2012-07-24 at
archive.today
^
a
b (in Dutch)
dbnl (digital library for Dutch literature), Leiden: De weerliicke liefden tot Roose-mond , Justus de Harduwijn, edition O. Dambre, p. 11, 12
Archived 2007-02-16 at the
Wayback Machine
^
Albert & Isabella's Virtual Tour – Joyous Entry
Archived 2007-07-08 at the
Wayback Machine
^
JSTOR A lost oil sketch by Rubens rediscovered: "Entry of the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand into the city of Antwerp in I635"
^
Ferdinand Receives the Keys of the City from the Virgin of Ghent at the
Rijksmuseum (in Dutch)
^
Andreas Martin, De intrede te Brussel op 9 oktober 1725 van aartshertogin Maria-Elisabeth, landvoogdes der Nederlanden Inv. 2036 at the Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium (in Dutch)
^
Luxembourg Medals – 1891. Grand Duke Adolphe and Grand Duchess Adelheid
^ Ypersele, Laurence van; Tixhon, Axel (2000).
"Célébrations de novembre 1918 dans le royaume de Belgique" . Vingtième Siècle (in French). 67 (1): 62.
doi :
10.3406/xxs.2000.4595 .
ISSN
0294-1759 .
External links