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Not to be confused with Joint Entrance Examination – Main.

Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced
AcronymJEE-Advanced
Type Electronic assessment, Computer based test (CBT)
Developer / administrator
Knowledge / skills tested
PurposeAdmission to undergraduate Engineering, Science and Architecture courses in 23 IITs
Year started1961 (63 years ago) (1961)
Duration2 Papers of 3 hours each; Total 6 hours a day
OfferedOnce a year
Restrictions on attemptsMaximum two attempts in consecutive years
Countries / regionsIndia
Languages English and Hindi
Annual number of test takersIncrease 180,372 (2023) [1]
Qualification rate24.26% out of which who wrote JEE-Advanced after qualifying JEE-Main
Website jeeadv.ac.in

Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced (JEE-Advanced) (formerly the Indian Institute of Technology – Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE)), is an academic examination held annually in India that tests the skills and knowledge of the applicants in physics, chemistry and maths. It is organised by one of the seven zonal IITs ( IIT Roorkee, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, and IIT Guwahati) under the guidance of the Joint Admission Board (JAB) on a round-robin rotation pattern for the qualifying candidates of the JEE-Main (exempted for Foreign Candidates). It used to be the sole prerequisite for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology bachelor's programs before the introduction of UCEED, [2] Online B.S. [3] and Olympiad entries, [4] but seats through these new mediums are very low. [5]

Other universities, such as the Marine Engineering and Research Institute, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE), the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, the Indian Institute of Space Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), use the score obtained in the JEE-Advanced exam as the sole basis for admission. The JEE-Advanced score is also used as a possible basis for admission by Indian applicants to non-Indian universities such as the University of Cambridge and the National University of Singapore. [6] [7]

It has been consistently ranked as one of the toughest exams in the world. [8] [9] High school students from across India typically prepare for several years to take this exam, and most of them attending coaching institutes. The high difficulty and low acceptance rate puts extreme pressure on students taking this exam. In a 2018 interview, former IIT Delhi director V. Ramgopal Rao, famously said that the exam is "tricky and difficult" because it is framed to "reject candidates, not to select them". [10] In 2023, out of the 180,372 candidates who took the exam, 43,773 candidates qualified (36,264 males and 7509 females). [11]

History

IIT Kharagpur, one of the first Institutions where students selected in IIT-JEE were admitted

The first institute among IITs, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, started in 1951. In its initial years before 1961, students were admitted based on their academic results, followed by an interview in several locations across the country. From 1955 to 1960, admissions for the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur were conducted via a national examination. Academic disciplines were allotted to the students via interviews and counselling sessions held at Kharagpur.

The IIT-JEE was first conducted in 1961, coinciding with the 1961 IIT Act. [12]

In 1978, the English paper was not considered when ranking participants' performance in the examination. In 1998, the English test was discontinued.

In 1997, the IIT-JEE was conducted twice after the question paper was leaked in some locations.

Between 2000 and 2005, an additional screening test was used alongside the main examination, intended to reduce pressure on the main examination by allowing only about 20,000 top candidates to appear for the examination, out of more than 450,000 applicants.

In 2002, an additional exam called the AIEEE was introduced, and it was used for admissions to many institutions of national importance other than the IITs.

In June 2005, The Hindu newspaper led a campaign for reforming the IIT-JEE to eradicate the "coaching mania" and to improve gender and socio-economic diversity. [13] [14] [15] Two possible solutions were proposed - either a convergence between the screening test and the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE), or a two-tier examination. Whereas ranks from the first tier can be used to gain admission to the NITs and other engineering colleges in the country.

In September 2005, the group of directors of all the IITs announced significant revisions to the examination. These were implemented from 2006 onward. [16] The revised examination consisted of a single objective test, replacing and abolishing the earlier two-test system with screener. In the revised examination, to be eligible for taking it, candidates in the general category had to obtain at least 60% aggregate marks in the 12th-grade examinations organized by various educational boards of India, while candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Persons With Disabilities (PwD) categories needed a minimum score of 55%.

In 2008, the director and the dean of IIT Madras proposed further revisions to the examination, arguing that the coaching institutes were "enabling many among the less-than-best students to crack the test and keeping girls from qualifying". They expressed concern that the present system did not allow for applicants' 12 years of schooling to have a bearing on admissions into IIT. [17]

In 2008, the Indian Institutes of Technology began offering their admission tests in Dubai. [18] Annually, the number of candidates for the examination in Dubai varies between 200 and 220. [19]

In 2013, the AIEEE was renamed JEE-Main, and IIT-JEE was renamed JEE-Advanced; the JEE-Main had become the screening exam for JEE-Advanced.

The two-tier reform suggested in 2005 may become a reality as the Indian government has announced plans for a single entrance exam for all engineering colleges from 2018, with students aspiring for the IITs having to pass the nationwide standardized engineering entrance exam JEE-Main with high marks, and then take the JEE-Advanced to qualify for the IITs. [20] In 2018, the JEE-Advanced exam started being conducted online.

Qualifying percentage

Minimum percentage of marks prescribed for inclusion in the rank list [21]

Category Minimum percentage

of marks in each subject

Minimum percentage

of aggregate marks

Common rank list (CRL)                  10.0                35.0
OBC-NCL/GEN-EWS                   9.0                31.5
ST/SC/PWD                   5.0                17.5
Preparatory course

for SC/ST/PWD

                  2.5                 8.75

Minimum percentage of aggregate/subject marks may be lowered subsequently considering the toughness of the paper and the need of students.

For example: Minimum percentage of marks prescribed for inclusion in the rank list in 2022 [22]

Category Minimum percentage

of marks in each subject

Minimum percentage

of aggregate marks

Common rank list (CRL)                  4.17                15.28
OBC-NCL/GEN-EWS                  4.17                13.89
ST/SC/PWD                  2.50                 7.78
Preparatory course

for SC/ST/PWD

                 0.83                 3.89

Number of applicants by year [23]

Year Registered Appeared Qualified %Qualified
1961 [24] 19,500 - - -
1978 29,477 - - -
1988 72,298 - - -
1990 79,559 - - -
1995 92,893 - - -
1997 91,279 - - -
1998 95,619 - - -
1999 112,347 - - -
2000 128,624 - - -
2001 147,775 - - -
2002 178,043 - - -
2003 178,940 - - -
2004 175,355 - - -
2005 198,059 - - -
2006 299,087 - - -
2007 251,803 243,029 7,200 2.96
2008 321,653 311,258 8,652 2.77
2009 398,264 384,977 10,035 2.60
2010 473,982 455,571 13,104 2.87
2011 485,136 468,280 13,196 2.81
2012 506,484 479,651 24,112 5.02
2013 126,749 115,971 20,834 17.96
2014 126,995 119,580 27,152 22.70
2015 124,741 117,238 26,354 22.47
2016 155,797 147,678 36,566 24.76
2017 171,814 159,540 51,040 [25] 31.99
2018 165,656 155,158 31,988 20.62
2019 174,432 161,319 38,705 23.99
2020 160,838 150,838 43,204 28.64
2021 151,193 141,699 41,862 29.54
2022 160,038 155,538 40,712 26.17
2023 [26] 189,744 180,372 43,773 24.26
NOTE:
  • (1) Qualifying to take JEE-Advanced does not mean IIT admission. [27] [28]
  • (2) Reserved categories have lower qualifying cutoff, (e.g. GEN-EWS/OBC-NCL get 10% relaxation, SC/ST/PWD get 50% relaxation and SC/ST/PWD also get 75% relaxation for preparatory courses in IITs) who are also considered qualified and thus included in the list. [29]
  • (3) From 2013, only a certain threshold number of students from JEE-Main are allowed to take JEE-Advanced. [30]

Organizing institute

The JEE – Advanced exam is conducted by the various Indian institutes of technology on a rotating basis. This list shows the organizers of the exam in recent years.

Year Organizer
2006 IIT Kharagpur
2007 IIT Bombay
2008 IIT Roorkee
2009 IIT Guwahati
2010 IIT Madras [31]
2011 IIT Kanpur [32]
2012 IIT Delhi [33]
2013 IIT Delhi [34]
2014 IIT Kharagpur [35]
2015 IIT Bombay [36]
2016 IIT Guwahati [37]
2017 IIT Madras [38]
2018 IIT Kanpur [39]
2019 IIT Roorkee [40]
2020 IIT Delhi [41]
2021 IIT Kharagpur [42]
2022 IIT Bombay [43]
2023 IIT Guwahati [44]
2024 IIT Madras [45]
2025 IIT Kanpur

Paper pattern

JEE(Advanced) is conducted in two shifts of three hours each - Paper-1 and Paper-2, both the papers consist questions from three major subjects- Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Unlike most of the other exams, the type and the number of questions being asked in the paper varies from year to year, with an average of about 36–38 questions asked from each subject across both the shifts, For example, the 2021 JEE-Advanced paper had 38 questions (19 questions in Paper-1 and the next 19 in Paper-2) from each of the three subjects.

Each paper in every subject is divided into 4 sections:

Section Problem type Description
1 4 single-correct MCQs
  • +4 marks for every correct answer
  • 0 marks for unanswered questions
  • -1 mark for every wrong answer
2 3 question stems with 2 questions per stem (numerical answers with two decimal places)
  • +2 marks for every correct answer
  • 0 marks otherwise
3 6 multi-correct MCQs
  • +4 marks if (all) the correct option(s) is(are) chosen
  • +3 marks if all the options are correct but only 3 options are chosen
  • +2 marks if 3 or more options are correct but only 2 correct options are chosen
  • +1 mark if 2 or more options are correct but only 1 correct option is chosen
  • 0 marks if unanswered
  • −2 marks if at least 1 incorrect option is chosen
4 3 fill-in-the-blank questions (answers are non-negative integers)
  • +4 marks for a correct answer
  • 0 marks otherwise
A typical instruction page of the paper mainly consists of information related to the type of question asked, here it explains the multi correct-multiple choice questions

Some previous year papers also included matrix match type questions instead of single-correct multiple choice questions. [46] [47]

Syllabus

Since the starting of the examination in 1961, the syllabus majorly consists of topics that are taught in Indian High schools, from the curriculum of Class XI and Class XII. These include topics from Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry ( Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry). A recent change in the syllabus was carried out in November 2021, when a revised syllabus was adopted for the exam, this syllabus has been implemented from 2023 onwards. A brief overview of topics asked is listed below. [48]

Mathematics

Higher Algebra (including certain topics from Linear Algebra), Combinatorics, probability (including topics like conditional probability, Law of total probability, Bayes theorem), Geometry, coordinate system ( points and lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas), Trigonometry (including the inverse trigonometric functions), algebraic functions, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, floor function, fractional part function, signum function, even and odd functions, periodic functions, composite Function, inverse functions, limits, derivative of a function, analysis of continuity and differentiability of a function, derivatives and their applications ( tangents and normals to a function, angle between curves, Rolle's theorem, Mean Value Theorem, monotonicity of a function, and maxima and minima of a function), indefinite antiderivative of a function, definite integrals, analysis of area bounded by a curve and its axis, and differential equations.

Physics

General Physics, classical Newtonian Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Acoustics ( sound and oscillation), Electromagnetism, Electrostatics, Electrodynamics (Both electricity and magnetism) and electromagnetic waves, Modern Physics ( radioactivity, Nuclear Physics, elementary Quantum mechanics), Optics ( Both geometrical optics and wave optics)

Chemistry

Physical Chemistry

General studies of substance ( moles, molarity, redox reactions, etc), atomic structure (with concerned topics of Quantum Mechanics), states of matter, chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics, equilibrium chemistry (both chemical equilibrium and ionic equilibrium), Electrochemistry, colligative properties, titrations (including acid-base and redox), Surface Science and Nuclear Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodic properties, bonding in chemicals (including the theories of bonding ie Valence bond theory, VSEPR Theory and Molecular orbital theory), coordination compounds and complexes, metallurgy, qualitative inorganic salt analysis, hydrogen, detailed studies of reactions, physical and chemical properties, along with their certain compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, boron family, carbon family, nitrogen family, oxygen family, halogens and noble gases, transition elements (including noble metals), actinides, lanthanides, types of reactions and environmental chemistry.

Organic Chemistry

IUPAC nomenclature, general Organic Chemistry (including hybridization, hydrogen bonding, inductive effects, isomerism, resonance, aromaticity, hyperconjugation, mesomerism, carbocations and carbanions, free radical, bond cleavage including heterolysis and homolysis, stereoisomerism including enantiomers and diastereomers), organic reagents, some named reactions, detailed analysis of reaction mechanisms, the compounds and preparation of hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, carbonyl compounds ( alcohols, phenols and ethers), aromatic compounds, biomolecules, carbohydrates and polymers, amines, Chemistry in everyday life and practical Organic Chemistry.

Seats [49]

IIT Bombay is one of the most competitive institutes in India to get into and has been the first-preferred destination of high-achievers in JEE-Advanced.

The number of students taking the examination increased substantially each year with 506,484 candidates registered for JEE-Advanced- 2012. [50] However, with the two stage JEE-Main + JEE-Advanced structure from 2013, [51] the number of candidates in JEE-Advanced is fixed at 150 thousand students in 2013 and it is increased in subsequent years to 250 thousand as of 2022. [52] The total seats available in each institute (Seat Matrix) is summarized in table below. [53]

Institute 2002 [54] 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 [55] 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 [56]
IIT Bhilai --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 120 120 127 143 183 183 183 203 243
IIT Bhubaneswar --- --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 160 180 180 260 350 369 420 475 475 475 476
IIT Bombay 491 600 574 648 746 880 880 880 880 880 903 903 929 1026 1115 1360 1360 1360 1356
IIT Delhi 552 552 553 626 721 851 851 851 851 851 851 851 851 910 1061 1209 1209 1209 1209
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad 444 444 658 705 923 1012 1034 1034 1023 962 935 912 912 1007 952 1125 1125 1125 1125
IIT Dharwad --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 120 120 126 137 170 185 310 310
IIT Gandhinagar --- --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 140 150 150 180 180 194 212 250 250 288 370
IIT Goa --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 90 90 97 150 157 157 157 157
IIT Guwahati 250 350 365 435 498 588 615 615 660 660 660 615 645 702 795 902 922 952 952
IIT Hyderabad --- --- --- 120 120 120 140 140 210 220 220 240 285 294 317 425 470 505 595
IIT Indore --- --- --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 260 260 275 294 360 360 360 480
IIT Jammu --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 90 120 154 213 237 240 240 280
IIT Jodhpur --- --- --- 120 120 120 160 160 200 160 120 160 180 247 352 490 490 530 550
IIT Kanpur 456 456 541 608 702 827 827 827 827 827 853 827 827 910 1016 1182 1210 1210 1210
IIT Kharagpur 653 659 874 988 1138 1341 1341 1370 1341 1341 1341 1341 1341 1453 1603 1902 1869 1869 1869
IIT Madras 553 554 540 612 713 838 838 838 838 838 838 838 838 877 967 1133 1133 1133 1134
IIT Mandi --- --- --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 120 145 150 150 200 282 329 329 336 520
IIT Palakkad --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 120 120 120 163 181 188 169 180 200
IIT Patna --- --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 200 200 200 200 225 250 361 427 547 582 733
IIT Roorkee 402 546 746 884 1013 1155 1155 1155 1105 1065 1030 970 975 1043 1190 1353 1353 1353 1353
IIT Ropar --- --- --- 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 130 155 260 309 346 370 370 395 430
IIT Tirupati --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 120 120 120 180 203 237 237 237 244
IIT (BHU) Varanasi 568 568 686 766 881 1057 1057 1057 1090 1090 1090 1090 1090 1167 1364 1589 1589 1589 1589
Total 4369 4583 5537 6992 8295 9509 9618 9647 9885 9784 10006 10572 10988 12080 13674 16053 16232 16598 17385

Note: This intake is only about bachelor's program intake through JEE-Advanced and it is not about intake in IITs, because some IITs also admit students through UCEED and Olympiads. [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]

In 2011, additional courses were introduced in the IITs. IIT Tirupati and IIT Palakkad were started in 2015 and four more institutes (IIT Bhilai, IIT Dharwad, IIT Goa, and IIT Jammu) opened in 2016. In 2018, to ensure minimum female enrollment of 14%, the IITs introduced "female-only" and "gender-neutral" seats based on 2017 enrollment statistics; and "super-numerary" seats were allocated per-institute and per-course to reach a 14% target. With these, and slight overall seat increases, the total seat availability was over 12,000, including 801 "super-numerary female-only" seats. For 2019, with the partial rollout of a 10% EWS quota (without a reduction in non-reserved seats) and the increase of the female enrollment target to 17%, the total seats available went up to over 13,500, with over 1200 super-numerary female-only seats. In 2020, with the full rollout of the 10% EWS quota and a 20% female enrolment target, total available seats increased further to 16,053, with over 1500 super-numerary female-only seats.

Criticism

In 2012, Super 30 founder and mathematician Anand Kumar criticized the New Admission Norms, saying that the decision of the IITs' council to give a chance to students in the top 20% from various boards in the class 12 examinations was "a decision in haste". "This is one decision that will go against the poor, who don't have the opportunity to study in elite schools," he added. [62]

The IIT-JEE is conducted only in English and Hindi; it has been criticized as being harder for students from places where other Indian languages, like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Urdu, Oriya, Bengali, Marathi, Assamese, or Gujarati, are more prominent. In September 2011, the Gujarat High Court acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, demanding the examinations be conducted in Gujarati too. [63] A second petition was made that October by Navsari's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust. [64] Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil. In the petition, it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages violates article 14 of the Constitution of India. The Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) party, a political party in Tamil Nadu, held a demonstration at Chennai for conducting the IIT-JEE and other national entrance exams in regional languages also, particularly Tamil in Tamil Nadu. [65]

The PMK party filed Public Interest Litigation in the Madras High Court to conduct the IIT-JEE entrance exam in Tamil. They claimed that every year 763,000 students were completing grade 12 in Tamil Nadu, 75% of them from Tamil Medium. They had to take the entrance exam in English or Hindi, neither of which was their medium of instruction nor their mother tongue, and so were denied their fundamental right to take the entrance exam in a language familiar to them. [66] [67] Shiv Sena urged the MHRD to conduct the IIT-JEE and other national undergraduate entrance exams in regional languages, particularly Marathi in Maharashtra. [68] In 2017, the Supreme Court ordered JAB to put a bar on the ongoing counseling process. There were three questions comprising a total of 11 marks that were unclear.

JEE(Advanced) has also been criticised for its notoriously tough examination pattern, for a high school student, the questions asked go way beyond the scope of conventional teaching in schools, this forces the students to opt for coaching classes. The coaching classes create a situation of extreme pressure for the students, gradually affecting their mental health. [69]

Coaching

Preparation for the Joint Entrance Exam begins typically two to four years before students take the test. More than 90% of students who passed this exam attended coaching institutes, which had created a ₹232.61 billion industry with annual tuition of up to ₹250,000.[ citation needed] These academies included mock tests multiple times a week, up to 200 students per class, and long hours, ranging from 4 to 7 hours a day, in addition to regular high school work. There were hundreds of academies across the country, and the most famous—in Kota, Rajasthan—attracted approximately 125,000 students each year. [70]

Coaching programs are major corporations, listed on the Indian stock market and also attracting billions of dollars of investment from private equity firms. [71] The high-pressure environment at these coaching institutes has been blamed for a significant number of suicides. [72]

Recent modifications in the exam

There were several changes made to the exam in 2018. The Joint Admission Board (JAB) decided to conduct the entire exam online from 2018 onwards, hoping to reduce the chances of paper leak and make logistics and evaluation easier. It said that the online exam would neutralize the problem of misprinting. [73]

A series of schedule revisions were carried out in 2021. The former HRD minister of India, Ramesh Pokhriyal confirmed the dates for the exam. JEE-Main exam was slated to be conducted in eight sessions over four days— two sessions each day— for each phase, with a total of four phases being held in four different months. The first phase was organized from the 23 to 28 February, while the other phases were scheduled to be organized in the subsequent months of March, April and May. The JEE-Advanced exam was scheduled to be held on 3 July 2021 but was postponed— together with the third and fourth phases of the JEE-Main examination that were to be held in the respective months of April and May— due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The third and fourth phases of the JEE-Main examinations were later held on 20 July - 3 August and 26 August – 2 September, respectively. The JEE-Advanced exam was held on 3 October 2021.

JEE-Advanced 2022 was scheduled to be held on 3 July 2022 in the usual two sessions - Morning and Afternoon (both compulsory). However, with 2022 JEE-Main being postponed from April / May to 20–29 June / 21–30 July, JEE-Advanced 2022 was also postponed and subsequently held on 28 August 2022.

See also

References

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