He designed life-size bronze statues that were
castings of living people, depicting them engaged in day-to-day activities. A large staff of technicians did the fabrication of the works he designed. Computers and digital technology often were used in the manufacturing process. Sometimes the manufacture was contracted in China. He was the founder of
Grounds For Sculpture, a 42-acre (17 ha) sculpture park and museum located in
Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey.
Early life
Johnson was born in New Brunswick,
New Jersey on April 16, 1930.[3] His father was
John Seward Johnson I, and his mother was Ruth Dill, the sister of actress
Diana Dill, making him a first cousin of actor
Michael Douglas. Johnson grew up with five siblings:
Mary Lea Johnson Richards, Elaine Johnson, Diana Melville Johnson, Jennifer Underwood Johnson, and James Loring "Jimmy" Johnson. His parents divorced around 1937. His father remarried two years later, producing his only brother, Jimmy Johnson, making him an uncle to
film director
Jamie Johnson.[4]
Johnson worked for
Johnson & Johnson until 1962, when he was fired by his uncle
Robert Wood Johnson II, who had turned the family business into one of the world's largest healthcare corporations.[7]
His early artistic efforts focused on painting, after which he turned to sculpture in 1968. Examples of his statues include:
Spring (1979), a bronze dedicated in 1979,[9] set in the
Crim Dell Woods section of the
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. Other examples of Spring castings include the East Brunswick, New Jersey public library and the Fitton Center for Creative Arts in Hamilton, Ohio.[10]
The Awakening (1980), his largest and most dramatic work, a 70-foot (21 m) five-part statue that depicts a giant trying to free himself from underground. The sculpture was located at
Hains Point in
Washington, D.C. for nearly twenty-eight years while still owned by Johnson. It was moved to
Prince George's County, Maryland in February, 2008, and an attempt was made by the new curator to correct some of the scale distortions of the original installation by altering some implied underground connections and placing the parts in different relationships to each other.
Lunch Break (1983), a statue of a worker sitting on a bench, taking a break for lunch with a cigar in hand and lunch box at his side. Statues are known to be placed in Zichron Ya'akov, Israel (originally in Morristown, New Jersey and brought to Israel by the Jerusalem Foundation), in Edmonton, Canada, and Key West, Florida.
Copyright Infringement (1994), at Grounds for Sculpture (a facility founded by Johnson) is a sculpture that he named to flaunt his disdain for criticism of his copies of the iconic works of fine art artists with international recognition. It represents the fine artist
Édouard Manet, whose work he has copied.
Unconditional Surrender (a series with several material versions begun in 2005), a spokesperson for Johnson has stated that this series is based on a photograph that is in the
public domain, Kissing the War Goodbye, by
Victor Jorgensen,[15] however, the Jorgensen photographic image does not extend low enough to include the lower legs and shoes of the subjects, revealed in
Alfred Eisenstaedt's famous photograph, V–J day in Times Square, that are represented identically in the statue. A spokesperson for Life has called it a
copyright infringement of the latter image.[15] Nonetheless, the first version, a bronze statue in life-size, was placed on temporary exhibition during the 2005 anniversary of
V-J Day at the
Times Square Information Center near where the original photographs were taken in
Manhattan.[16]
Several slightly differing twenty-five-feet-tall-versions have been constructed in
styrofoam and
aluminum with little detail, painted, and put on display by Johnson in
San Diego, California,[15][17]Key West, Florida,
Snug Harbor in New York, and
Sarasota, Florida. Their immensity has drawn crowds of viewers at each site although the view of them from nearby is severely limited, essentially allowing a vista of the legs and up the skirt. The statues have been described as
kitsch by one critic.[15] Johnson later would dub the statue "Embracing Peace",[18] which he treated as a
double entendre when spoken.
A proposal to establish a permanent location for a copy on the Sarasota bay front generated a heated controversy about the suitability of the statue to the location, suitability as a military service memorial,[19] the permanent placement of any statue on that public property, as well as the particular issues of lack of originality, mechanical construction, copyright infringement, and the kitsch allegations about the statue.[20][21] In final agreement documents with the purchaser (a private person), Johnson committed the purchase price to cover copyright liability damages in order to have the statue placed. The city was wary of accepting a gift from the purchaser that might result in a financial loss from a possible legal battle that evidenced merit, according to the city attorney.[22]
In October 2014, French feminist group
Osez La Feminisme ! petitioned to have a copy of the statue, erected at a
World War IImemorial in
Normandy in September 2014,[23] removed and sent back to the United States, criticizing it as "immortali[zing] a sexual assault"[24]
Controversies surrounding the statue still existed in Sarasota at the close of 2021,[25] when the question of whether to place a sign addressing them was presented to the city commission at a public meeting in Sarasota on December 6.[26]
Big Sister, just outside the Pig 'N' Whistle pub and Michael's Restaurant at 123 Eagle Street, part of the Celebrating the Familiar series
Morris Frank and Buddy (2005) - a statue of the co-founder of
The Seeing Eye and the first
guide dog for the blind trained in the US stands in the
Morristown Green in New Jersey.
Frank is shown giving the "forward" command to his dog.[27]
First Ride (2006), a statue of a father helping his young daughter learn to ride a bike, in
Carmel, Indiana.[28]
Newspaper Reader (1981), at the entrance to Steinman Park,
Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The gentleman is looking at three Newspapers - The Lancaster New Era reporting the
Apollo 11 Moon landing (July 21, 1969), The Intelligencer Journal reporting Three Mile Island nuclear accident (March 29, 1979) and the paper he is holding, the September 16, 1923 edition, reporting that the Steinman brothers challenged the no-work-on-Sunday blue laws by publishing the Sunday News for the first time.
Forever Marilyn (2011), a 26-foot (7.9 m), 17-ton representation of
Marilyn Monroe standing over a gusty subway grate in her appearance in The Seven Year Itch. Until 2012, the statue was located at
Pioneer Court in
Chicago, where it attracted many visitors and some controversy for its risque features.[29] It was moved to downtown
Palm Springs, California in 2012. In July 2013 plans were announced that it would be moved to New Jersey for a 2014 exhibit honoring Johnson at the
Grounds For Sculpture.[30] The statue returned to Palm Springs in 2019 and is now displayed in a central location.
For statues made in a series named, Iconic, by Johnson,[33] many of which are very large, a computer program is employed that translates two-dimensional images into statues that are constructed by a machine driven by the program. Often, these subjects are images that already are well known as the works of others, generating heated ethical controversies regarding
copyright infringement and
derivative works due to
substantial similarity issues.
Johnson's works were selected by the
United States Information Agency to represent the freedoms of the United States in a public and private partnership enterprise representation sponsored by
General Motors and many other US corporations at the
World EXPO celebration in
Seville, Spain during 1992.[33]
Criticism
Johnson's work was labeled as "
kitsch" in a 1984 article by an art professor and critic at Princeton University, who explained its rejection as he was commenting on a controversy raging about the work in
New Haven, Connecticut.[34]
His 2003 show at the
Corcoran Gallery of Art, Beyond the Frame: Impressionism Revisited, which presented his statues imitating famous
Impressionist paintings, was a success with audiences, but was panned nationally by acknowledged art critics such as
Blake Gopnik writing for The Washington Post and drew strong criticism[vague] from curators at other museums about a prominent museum of
fine art presenting an exhibit of his work.[35][36]
Philanthropy
Johnson was the chairman and CEO of The Atlantic Foundation, the foundation created by his father, John Seward Johnson I, in 1963. Johnson created the Johnson Atelier Technical Institute of Sculpture, an educational, nonprofit casting and
fabrication facility in 1974 as a means of fostering young sculptors' talents, while creating a foundry designed to construct his statues that is so well-equipped and staffed that it is chosen by many renowned sculptors.[33] Educational programs at the Atelier ceased in 2004. The Johnson Atelier now operates as a division of The Sculpture Foundation. Johnson continued to make his sculpture at the facility but casting often was performed off premises, with some of his larger works being cast in the
People's Republic of China.
He also founded an organization named "The Sculpture Foundation", to promote his works. In 1987, he published Celebrating the Familiar: The Sculpture of J. Seward Johnson, Jr.[33]
Under Johnson's direction, The Atlantic Foundation purchased the old New Jersey Fairgrounds in
Hamilton, New Jersey and in 1992 founded the
Grounds For Sculpture to display work completed at the Johnson Atelier and other outdoor exhibitions. In 2000 park operations were transferred to a new public charity with the same intent that continues to operate the park.[33]
Johnson also was the president of a large oceanographic research institution in
Florida that had been founded by his father. The institution published a science magazine.
Johnson was excluded from his father's will, which left the bulk of his fortune to
Barbara Piasecka Johnson, his father's wife and former chambermaid. He and his siblings sued on grounds that their father was not mentally competent at the time he signed the will. It was settled out of court, and the children were granted about 12% of the fortune.[37]
Johnson was formerly married to Barbara Kline. She often engaged in extramarital affairs in their home, driving Johnson to attempt suicide.[4][38][39] In 1965, he acknowledged paternity to Jenia Anne "Cookie" Johnson to speed up the divorce process.[40][41] Years later, Johnson's family had a legal battle regarding Cookie Johnson's eligibility for a share in the Johnson & Johnson fortune. The court ruled in favor of Cookie.[42]
Johnson later married Joyce Horton, a novelist. They had two children,
John Seward Johnson III and actress Clelia Constance Johnson, who is credited as "India Blake."[5]
Johnson died from cancer at his home in
Key West, Florida on March 10, 2020, at the age of 89.[3]
^"Business News: Forever Marilyn to Stay in Palm Springs until Mid-November". The Public Record. 37 (32): 3. July 30, 2013.
ISSN0744-205X.
OCLC8101482.
Levy, David C. (foreword); Chu, Petra ten-Doesschate (essay); Grooms, Red (conversation) (2003). Beyond the frame : Impressionism revisited : the sculptures of J. Seward Johnson, Jr : Exhibition catalog. Boston: Bulfinch Press.
ISBN0821228781.