John Duval Gluck Jr. (December 25, 1878 – 1951) [1] was an American philanthropist, customs broker, and con artist who is best known for popularizing the practice of sending and answering letters to Santa Claus in New York City. [2] [3] Gluck's organization, the Santa Claus Association, would receive letters addressed to Santa Claus from impoverished children, investigate them to ensure that they were truly needy, and if approved would send gifts to those children. [2]
Early life
Gluck, the oldest of five brothers, was born in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York and raised in Westfield, New Jersey. [4] [3] Gluck, who was born on Christmas Day, descended from a line of Santa Claus players, including his grandfather, Johan Baptiste von Gluck who played Santa Claus in Baltimore, Maryland. [5]
He inherited his father's customs brokerage business but left the business at age 35. [4]
The Santa Claus Association
The Santa Claus Association, which was founded in December 1913, arose as a result of a policy change by the United States Postal Service. Prior to 1911, the Post Office destroyed letters sent addressed to Santa Claus.
In 1911, the local postmasters began giving the letters to charity groups in their area instead. [2] In New York City, there were no charity groups willing to participate in this program. [6] Gluck contacted Edward M. Morgan, then Postmaster of New York City, with a proposal to set up a not-for-profit organization (the Santa Claus Association), which would receive, verify, and respond to Christmas letters sent by needy children in New York. [2] [6] Gluck, who was born on Christmas Day, was seen as a natural choice for the role.
The Santa Claus Association essentially served as a middleman between donors and children. Volunteers would spend their time reading and organizing letters while donors (often wealthy businesspersons or other members of the social elite) would fund the gift-giving operations. [2] Gluck himself served as President of the association, and he named John J. Kiely as the honorary vice-president. [7]
The organization quickly grew large, receiving thousands of dollars in donations to pay for supplies, postage, and gifts for needy children. It also collaborated extensively with major politicians like New York Governor Al Smith and United States President Warren Harding as well as celebrities like Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks. [8]
As funds poured in, Gluck's ambitions grew. In 1915, three years after the Association started operating, Gluck announced a plan to build a massive structure called the Santa Claus Building on a 100-foot-wide plot in the middle of New York City. [9] Though Gluck aggressively fundraised to raise the $300,000 needed to build the project, and even commissioned famous architects George and Edward Blum to design the building, no work was ever done. [9] [3] [4]
Downfall
The Santa Claus Association became embroiled in controversy as a result of dubious fundraising and accounting practices. Bird S. Coler, then the commissioner for public welfare in New York City, investigated the organization in 1927. [9] Coler uncovered tens of thousands of dollars in unaccounted-for funds as well as a lack of institutional oversight over Gluck's use of donors' funds. [2] [3] Coler's audit revealed that almost all of the money raised for the Santa Claus Building had been embezzled by Gluck himself, who had also embezzled most of the funds raised to purchase gifts and pay for postage. [9] The United States Post Office ended its involvement with the Santa Claus Association and eventually developed its own letter-answering service under the auspices of Operation Santa Claus. [9] [3]
Later life and death
Gluck was never charged with a crime for his activities with the Santa Claus Association. [2] After the collapse of the Association, he and his wife moved to Miami, Florida where he became a real estate agent. He remained there until 1951, where he died at the age of 73. [3] [4]
References
- ^ "Mama Says That Santa Claus Does Not Come to Poor People". The New York Times. 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The con man who saved Christmas". Historyextra.com. 2017-12-20. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
- ^ a b c d e f Palmer, Alex (2015-10-01). The Santa Claus Man: The Rise and Fall of a Jazz Age Con Man and the Invention of Christmas in New York. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781493008445.
- ^ a b c d Palmer, Alex (2015-09-20). "Meet the con artist who popularized writing to Santa Claus". The New York Post. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
- ^ Read, Kathleen (1930-12-20). "Every missive addressed to Saint Nicholas now turned over to Santa Claus Association by the United States Postal Authorities--pleas of thirty thousand needy juveniles answered annually". The Deseret News. p. 23.
- ^ a b Keener, Peggy (2016-12-23). "The rest of the Christmas story: The real Grinch who stole Christmas". The Austin Daily Herald. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
- ^ Kenny, Jack (1927-12-25). "Charity society head defends finances". The New York Daily News. p. 181.
- ^ "The Santa Claus Association". The City Reliquary Museum & Civic Association. 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
- ^ a b c d e "The strange story of NYC's 'Santa Claus building' that never was". Curbed. 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2019-12-27.