Johan Mayor Polak
Personal details
Born	(1905-11-04)November 4, 1905 Malang, Dutch East Indies
Died	November 30, 1982(1982-11-30) (aged 77) Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
Political party	Socialist Party of Indonesia
Other political affiliations	SDWP
Alma mater	Leiden University

Johan Bernard Abraham Fortunatus Mayor Polak, usually abbreviated as J.B.A.F. Mayor Polak or J.B.A.F. Polak (born November 4, 1904 - November 30, 1982) is a former member of the House of Representatives of Jewish descent and a member of the Masonic Order. ^[1] During the colonial period, Johan worked as a civil servant (ambtenaar) until the Japanese occupation. During that time, he was an aspirant controller in Malang, also in Bondowoso, and then in Tuban.

Early life

Johan was born in Malang on November 4, 1905. His father was Salomon Machiel Polak, a Dutch Jew born in Surabaya. ^{[2] [3]} Based on his surname, his father was a descendant of Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants who most likely came from Poland. ^[4] They have lived in the Netherlands since the 18th century. One of Johan's ancestors, Wolf Michiel Polak, was born in Amsterdam around 1730. ^[5] From his father's side, the first to settle in the Dutch East Indies was his great-grandfather, also named Salomon Machiel Polak. ^[6]

His mother's name was Louise Jacqueline de Rochemont, who was of Huguenot descent. His ancestor, François de Maystre, came from Sommières, a commune in southern France. ^[7] From his mother's side, the first to be born and settle in the Indies was his father, Pieter Rutgardus de Rochemont. ^[8] The name "Abraham Fortunatus" probably comes from the name of his mother's great-grandfather who was born in Lisbon. ^[9]

Johan was appointed as a candidate for colonial civil service in 1922 ^[10] In 1927, he studied Indologie at Leiden University with a specialization in economics as a requirement to become a civil servant. ^[11] He then continued to doctoral level, specializing in linguistics. In 1929, Johan underwent his doctoral examination. ^{[12] [13]} After graduating, he began serving as a civil servant on August 13, 1929. ^[14]

Career during the colonial period

Polak received his first assignment in East Java and was assigned there on November 7, 1929. ^[15] He departed from Rotterdam for Batavia on November 16 to carry out his official duties. ^[16] He began serving in Bondowoso on 13 June 1930. Apart from being a civil servant, he also sat as a member of the local Regentschapsraad. ^{[17] [18]} Polak was then transferred to Bojonegoro in November 1931, where he became adspirant-controleur (potential controller). ^[19]

He eventually became controller for land affairs in West Kalimantan and then controller of village socio-economic affairs in Cirebon. He was also the Cirebon residency secretary. During World War II, Polak served at the Batavia Residency.

Long before the Japanese army landed in Indonesia, Major Polak was a member of the Indische Sociaal Democratische Partij (later known as Communist Party of Indonesia) and Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiderspartij (SDAP). Both accommodate social democratic groups such as Polak.

During the Japanese occupation, Polak became a Japanese prisoner of war. As an Indo, Polak became the target of suspicion from the Kempeitai (Japanese secret police). The Japanese captured Polak and took him prisoner in Padang. After his release, he was involved in the Japanese anti-fascist movement Eenheid door Democratie (EDD) in Cirebon.

After Japan lost, he and the romusha (Dutch and native) were treated in Singapore. In Singapore, Polak worked at the Netherlands Bureau for Documentation and Registration of Indonesians. At the end of 1945, Polak returned to Indonesia and worked again as a colonial employee. Initially, he worked as a controller in Jakarta until around March 1946. Polak was then involved in the establishment of the State of East Indonesia (NIT) at the end of 1946.

Polak is a member of the NIT parliament based in Makassar. Polak represents the Indo European group. Since January 1947, Polak was appointed as a resident assistant attached to the council of Balinese kings called Paruman Agung.

After the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of sovereignty on December 27, 1949, NIT disbanded. Within the NIT parliament, there are members like Arnold Mononutu who support the Republic of Indonesia. When NIT merged into the United States of Indonesia (RIS), NIT parliament members also entered the RIS parliament. Major Polak was among those who took part in it.

Later years

RIS then disbanded in August 1950 and Indonesia became a republic again. At this time, Polak chose to remain in Indonesia and even become a citizen. He then became a member of the DPR RI representing Indo-European citizens. Since 1950, he has been a Hindu and has the Balinese name Nyoman Sukarma.

Polak was then recruited into the Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) led by former Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir. Polak certainly has a match with PSI. Apart from being educated, Major Polak has the same political and anti-fascism tendencies as PSI. However, PSI's lifespan is unfortunately not long. PSI was then dragged into the Permesta rebellion and was later liquidated by the government.

Outside the political realm, Polak is also remembered by name in sociological studies in Indonesia. Polak released several sociology books, including Sociology: A Concise Introduction (1960), Introduction to the Sociology of Industry and Companies (1966), and Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, Law and Politics (1967). Major Polak's name also appears in Sociology textbooks in high school.

Major Polak was also involved in the establishment of the Malang Economic College (PTEM) on June 27, 1957. PTEM was the embryo of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University. At that time, Major Polak led PTEM while also working at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FKIP) Airlangga University. He died of old age on November 30, 1982, in Denpasar, Bali. ^[20]

References

Bibliography

• Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië. Batavia: Landsdrukkerij. 1931.
• Voornaamste voorschriften en personalia betreffende decentralisatie en de bestuurshervorming, alsmede de Grondwet en de Indische Staatsregeling. Batavia: Landsdrukkerij. 1931.
• Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië. Batavia: Landsdrukkerij. 1932.