Legends subsequently arose about a notorious
outlaw in
California during the
California Gold Rush of the 1850s, but evidence for a historical Murrieta is scarce. Contemporary documents record testimony in 1852 concerning a minor horse thief of that name.[1] Newspapers reported bandido named Joaquin, who robbed and killed several people during the same time. A
California Ranger named
Harry Love was assigned to track down Murrieta and was said to have brought his head in for the bounty.[2]
The popular legend of Joaquin Murrieta was that he was a
forty-niner, a gold miner and a vaquero (cowboy) from
Sonora. Peace loving, he was driven to revenge after his brother and he were falsely accused of stealing a mule. His brother was hanged and Murrieta was horse-whipped. His young wife was raped, and in one version, she died in Murrieta's arms. Swearing revenge, he hunted down the men who had violated her. He embarked on a short but violent career to kill his
Anglo tormentors. The state of California offered a reward up to $5,000 for Murrieta, "dead or alive."
Controversy over his life
Controversy surrounds the figure of Joaquin Murrieta—who he was, what he did, and many of his life's events. Historian
Susan Lee Johnson says:
"So many tales have grown up around Murrieta that it is hard to disentangle the fabulous from the factual. There seems to be a consensus that Anglos drove him from a rich mining claim, and that, in rapid succession, his wife was raped, his half-brother
lynched, and Murrieta himself horse-whipped. He may have worked as a
monte dealer for a time; then, according to whichever version one accepts, he became either a horse trader and occasional horse thief, or a bandit."[3]
John Rollin Ridge, grandson of
Cherokee leader
Major Ridge, wrote a
dime novel about Murrieta. This fictional account contributed to his legend, especially as it was translated into various European languages. A portion of Ridge's novel was reprinted in 1858 in the California Police Gazette. This story was picked up and subsequently translated into
French. The French version was translated into Spanish by Roberto Hyenne, who took Ridge's original story and changed every "Mexican" reference to "Chilean".
Early 20th-century writer
Johnston McCulley was said to have based his character Don Diego de la Vega—better known as
Zorro in his 1919 novel of that name—on Ridge's 1854 novel about Murrieta.[4][5]
Early life and education
Most biographical sources hold that Murrieta was born in
Hermosillo[3] in the northwestern state of Sonora, Mexico. Historian
Frank Forrest Latta wrote Joaquín Murrieta and His Horse Gangs (1980) based on decades of investigation of the Murrieta family in Sonora, California, and Texas. He said that Murrieta was from the Pueblo de Murrieta on the Rancho Tapizuelas, across the
Cuchujaqui River (known locally as the Arroyo de [los] Álamos). This was north of
Casanate, in the southeast of Sonora and near the
Sinaloa border, within what is now the
Álamos Municipality, of Sonora.[6]: 127, 153 Murrieta was educated at a school nearby in
El Salado.[6]: 199
1849 migration to California
Murrieta reportedly went to California in 1849 to seek his fortune in the California Gold Rush.[3] His older Carrillo stepbrother Joaquin Manuel Carrillo Murrieta, who was already in California, had written him about the discovery of gold and urged him to come. Like many Sonorans, Murrieta and a party including his new wife Rosa Feliz, traveled there across the
Altar and
Colorado Deserts in 1849. This large family expedition included Joaquin's younger brother (Jesus Murrieta); Jesus Carrillo Murrieta, his other Carrillo stepbrother; three Feliz brothers-in-law (Claudio, Reyes, and Jesus); two Murrieta cousins (Joaquin Juan and Martin Murrieta; four Valenzuela cousins (including
Joaquin, Theodoro, and
Jesus Valenzuela); two Duarte cousins (Antonio and Manuel); and a few other men from Pueblo de Murrieta or nearby.[6]: 2, 101, 105–06, 126–29, 133–40
Murrieta encountered prejudice and hostility in the extreme competition of the rough mining camps. While mining for gold, his wife and he were supposedly attacked by American miners jealous of his success.[3] They allegedly beat him and raped his wife. However, the only source for this account was a dime novel, The Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta, written by
John Rollin Ridge and published in 1854.[3]
Historian Latta wrote that Murrieta formed a gang, with well-organized bands, one led by himself and the rest led by one or two of his trusted Sonoran relatives. Latta documented that the core of these men had gathered to help Murrieta kill at least six of the Americans who had lynched his stepbrother Jesus Carrillo and whipped him on the false charge of the theft of a mule. The gang began to engage in illegal horse trade with Mexico, using stolen horses and legally captured mustangs. They drove herds of stolen horses from as far north as
Contra Costa County, the gold camps of the Sierras, and the
Central Valley via the remote
La Vereda del Monte trail through the
Diablo Range, then south to Sonora for sale.[6]: 77–143
At other times, the bands robbed and killed miners or American settlers, particularly those returning from the California goldfields.[7][8] The gang is believed to have killed up to 28 Chinese and 13 Anglo-Americans.[9] This figure is based on accounts of their raids in early 1853.
The death of Joaquin Murrieta
By 1853, the California state legislature listed Murrieta as one of the so-called "
Five Joaquins", suspected criminals in a bill passed in May 1853. The legislature authorized hiring for three months a company of 20 California Rangers, veterans of the
Mexican War, to hunt down "the five Joaquins, whose names are Joaquin Muriati [sic],
Joaquin Ocomorenia,
Joaquin Valenzuela,
Joaquin Botellier, and
Joaquin Carillo, and their banded associates."[10] On May 11, 1853, the
governor,
John Bigler, signed an act to create the "California State Rangers," to be led by Captain
Harry Love (a former
Texas Ranger and Mexican War veteran).
The state paid the California Rangers $150 a month, and promised them a $1,000 governor's reward if they captured the wanted men. On July 25, 1853, a group of rangers encountered a band of armed Mexican men near
Arroyo de Cantua on the edge of the Diablo Range near
Coalinga. In the confrontation, three of the Mexicans were killed. The rangers claimed one of the dead was Murrieta, and another Manuel Garcia, also known as Three-Fingered Jack, one of his most notorious associates.[8] Two others were captured.[11]
A
California Historical Landmark plaque has been installed near Coalinga at the intersection of State Routes
33 and
198 to mark the approximate site of the incident.[12]
As proof of the outlaws' deaths, the Rangers cut off the hand of Three-Fingered Jack, and the alleged head of Murrieta. They preserved these in a jar of
alcohol to bring to the authorities to claim their reward.[3][8] Officials displayed the jar of remains in
Mariposa County,
Stockton,[13] and
San Francisco. The rangers took the display throughout California; spectators could pay $1 to see the relics.
Love and his rangers received the $1,000 reward money. In August 1853, an anonymous Los Angeles-based man wrote to the San Francisco Alta California Daily, claiming that Love and his rangers had murdered some innocent Mexican
mustang catchers, and bribed people to swear out affidavits as to their identities.[14] Later that fall, California newspapers carried letters by a few men claiming that Capt. Love had failed to display Murrieta's head at the mining camps.[15] On May 28, 1854, the California State Legislature voted to reward the Rangers with another $5,000 (~$133,192 in 2023) for their defeat of Murrieta and his band.[16]
Some 25 years later, myths began to form about Murrieta. In 1879, O. P. Stidger reportedly heard Murrieta's sister say that the displayed head was not her brother's.[17] At around the same time, numerous sightings were reported of Murrieta as a middle-aged man. These were never confirmed. His preserved head was destroyed during the
1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fire.
Murrieta's nephew, known as
Procopio, became one of California's most notorious bandits of the 1860s and 1870s. He was said to have wanted to exceed the reputation of his uncle.
For some political activists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Murrieta has symbolized Mexican resistance against Anglo-American economic and cultural domination in California, as Spanish colonists, Native Americans, mixtos, and independent Mexicans were there first. The "Association of Descendants of Joaquin Murrieta" says that Murrieta was not a "gringo eater", but "He wanted to retrieve the part of Mexico that was lost at that time in the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" (after the Mexican-American War).[18]
Representations in media
Joaquin Murrieta has been used frequently as a romantic outlaw figure in novels, stories, and comics, and in films and TV series.
Yellow Bird (John Rollin Ridge), The Life and Adventures of JOAQUIN MURIETA, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1955. With introduction by Joseph Henry Jackson, a reprint of the only known copy of the 1854 original book by John Rollin Ridge.
Chilean Nobel laureate
Pablo Neruda's play Fulgor y Muerte de Joaquín Murieta, (tr. The Splendor and Death of Joaquin Murieta by Ben Belitt, 1972)
Robert Gaillard, L'Homme aux Mains de Cuir (The Man with the Leather Hands) (1963 in French)[19]
Alexei Rybnikov and
Pavel Grushko's opera, Звезда и смерть Хоакина Мурьеты (Zvezda i smert' Khoakina Mur'ety – The Star and Death of Joaquin Murieta), 1976, is based on
Pablo Neruda's play.
"The California Trail" by Ralph Compton, a small part in chapters 22 and 23
In Sunset Specters by
Gary Jonas, the purported head of Joaquin Murrieta was preserved in a jar at Doctor Jordan’s Museum of Horrors in San Francisco in the late-1800s.
The Man Behind the Gun, (1953 film) Murrieta aids an undercover army officer fight insurrectionists who want Southern California to secede and become a slave state in 1850s Los Angeles.
Robert Cabal as Joaquin Murrieta
Death Valley Days, long running television and radio Western anthology series, episodes "I Am Joaquin" (1955) with Cliff Fields (credited as Field) as Murrieta; and "Eagle in the Rocks" (1960) with
Ricardo Montalbán playing Murrieta.
Faces of Death II, 1981 fake documentary film about death. Murrieta's head in the jar was believed to have survived the earthquake, and was sold to different collectors; its current "owner" has it on display, and explains the legend. However, the head is a wax fake that was formerly on display in the now-closed Almaden Museum in San Jose.
The Mask of Zorro (1998 film) features a youthful Joaquin Murrieta and his death at the hands of Captain Harrison Love (A Fictionalized version of Murrieta's real killer Harry Love). Joaquin's fictional brother Alejandro (
Antonio Banderas) assumes the role of Zorro, and kills Love in revenge.
Victor Rivers played Joaquin and
Matt Letscher played Capt. Love.
Murrieta is referenced in CSI S05E12 "Snakes" by a suspect claiming to be his descendant and therefore protected by him.
Behind The Mask of Zorro (2005) a
History Channel documentary about Murrieta and how he inspired the character of
Zorro.
The Head of Joaquin Murrieta, (2015) PBS short-documentary. As producer John Valadez seeks the head of Murrieta, and seeks to bury it.
Timeless, (2018) in the first half of the two-part series finale "The Miracle of Christmas". Murrieta is played by Paul Lincoln Alayo.[26]
"Cueca de Joaquín Murieta" recorded by both
Víctor Jara and
Quilapayún, in the style of Chile's national dance, the
cueca – the song is featured on the album
X Vietnam
"Premonición de la Muerte de Joaquin Murieta" (Premonition of the death of Joaquin Murieta), a tribute to Murrieta, performed by
Quilapayún – the song is featured on the album
Quilapayun Chante Neruda
^
abcdFrank F. Latta, Joaquin Murrueta and His Horse Gangs, Santa Cruz, California: Bear State Books,1980. xv, 685 pages.[ISBN missing]
^Latta, Joaquin Murrieta, p. 43 – Note: The author's uncle may have been one of their victims. Samuel N. Latta disappeared after mailing a letter to his wife and daughters from
Robinson's Ferry, saying he had sold his gold claim and in a few days was going to Stockton and San Francisco to arrange for his return to Arkansas with $8,000 in gold.
^"The Head of Joaquin Murieta not Taken – A Strange Story", Alta California, August 23, 1853, p. 2,
^Democratic State Journal, October 17, 1853, Calaveras Correspondence from W. C. P. of Mokelumne Hill; San Joaquin Republican, October 20, 1853, correspondence from Sonora, Tuolumne Co.
^Blaine, John; Baker, Decia, eds. (1973). "Neighborhood Arts Centers". Community Arts of Los Angeles (Report). Los Angeles Community Art Alliance. p. 21.
hdl:
10139/2728.
OCLC912321031.
Further reading
Yellow Bird (John Rolin Ridge), The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta, University of Oaklahoma Press, Norman, 1955. With introduction by Joseph Henry Jackson, a reprint of the only known copy of the 1854 original book by John Rolin Ridge.
Jackson, Joseph Henry, Bad Company, The Story of California's Legendary and Actual Stage-Robbers, Bandits, Highwaymen, and Outlaws, from the Fifties to the Eighties. Reprint of the first edition, published in 1939. Bison Books, 1977.
Frank F. Latta, Joaquin Murrieta and His Horse Gangs, Bear State Books, Santa Cruz, California. 1980. xv, 685 pages. Illustrated with numerous photos. Index. Photographic front endpapers.
Varley, James F., The Legend of Joaquin Murrieta, California,s Gold Rush Bandit, Big Lost River Press, Twin Falls, ID, 1995. Includes the California Gazette, February 21, 1852, Confession of Teodor Vasquez in Appendix A.
Paz, Ireneo (1904). Vida y Aventuras del Mas Celebre Bandido Sonorense, Joaquin Murrieta: Sus Grandes Proezas En California (in Spanish) (English translation by Francis P. Belle, Regan Pub. Corp., Chicago, 1925. Republished with introduction and additional translation by Luis Leal as Life and Adventures of the Celebrated Bandit Joaquin Murrieta: His Exploits in the State of California, Arte Publico Press, 1999. ed.). Mexico City.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
John Boessenecker, Gold Dust and Gunsmoke: Tales of Gold Rush Outlaws, Gunfighters, Lawmen, and Vigilantes, Wiley, 1999.
Seacrest, William B., The Man From The Rio Grande: A Biography of Harry Love, Leader of the California Rangers who tracked down Joaquin Murrieta, The Arthur H. Clark Company, Spokane, 2005. Includes a very extensive account of the outlaws career including many quotes drawn from period news sources and personal accounts.
Wilson, Lori Lee, The Joaquin Band, The History behind the Legend, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 2011.
Iddings, Ray, Joaquin Murrieta, The True Story from News Reports of the Period, Create Space, 2016. Includes military reports and news reports from 1846–1931.