Ivan Puluj (son of Pavlo Puluj and Xenia née Burshtynska
Ukrainian: Іва́н Пулю́й, син Павла́ Пулю́я i Ксенiї, ур. Бурштинської, pronounced[iˈwɑnpʊˈlʲuj];
German: Johann Puluj; 2 February 1845 – 31 January 1918) was a Ukrainian
physicist and
inventor, who has been championed as an early developer of the use of
X-rays for
medical imaging. His contributions were largely neglected until the end of the 20th century.
Biography
Ivan Puluj graduated with honors from Theological Faculty of the
University of Vienna (1869), later also from the Department of Philosophy (1872). In 1876 Pului finished his doctorate on internal friction in gases at the
University of Strasbourg under supervision of
August Kundt. Puluj taught at the Navy academy in
Fiume (
Rijeka,
Croatia) (1874–1876),
University of Vienna (1874–1884) and the
Imperial-Royal German Technical University in Prague (1884–1916). He served as the rector of the Imperial-Royal German Technical University (
German: Kaiserlich-Königlich Deutsche technische Hochschule) in 1888–1889.[1] Puluj also worked as a state adviser on electrical engineering for
Bohemian and
Moravian local governments.
4 October 1884, he married Kateřina née Stožicky (1863–1945) in Vienna.[4][5] They had six children: Natalia (wife of the composer
Vasyl Barvinsky), Olga, Maria Xenia Margareta (died in Vienna in 1974), Alexander Hans (1901–1984), Pavlo (died in 1986) and Georg (1906–1987).[6]
Scientific contribution
Cathode ray tube #12, Ivan Puluj design, ca 1896Puluj's apparatus for determining the mechanical equivalent of heat
Puluj did heavy research into
cathode rays, publishing several papers about those rays between 1880 and 1882. In 1881 as a result of
experiments into what he called cold light Prof. Puluj developed the Puluj lamp.[7] Puluj experimented with his new device and published his results in a
scientific paper, Luminous Electrical Matter and the Fourth State of Matter in the Notes of the Austrian Imperial Academy of Sciences (1880–1883), but expressed his ideas in an obscure manner using obsolete terminology. Puluj did gain some recognition when the work was translated and published as a book by the
Royal Society in the
UK.[8]
While Puluj's finding were essentially X-rays, he reported his results 6 weeks after
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen published his,[9]
and can not be credited with the discovery of X-rays.
"World history has never been just to certain individuals or certain nations. Small nations and their achievements are often neglected, while the accomplishments of large nations are at times exaggerated."
Slavko Bokshan, a
Serbian scientist who worked in the same department as Puluj and Röntgen
Ukrainian
Postal stamp. 150 years born Ivan Puluj, 1995
Pulyui's publications and first images (1895)
Strahlende Elektrodenmaterie //Wiener Berichte I. – 1880. – 81. – pp. 864–923; II. – 1881. – 83. – pp. 402–420; III. 1881. – 83. – pp. 693–708; IV. – 1882. – 85. – pp. 871–881.
Strahlende Elektrodenmaterie und der sogenannte vierte Aggregatzustand' – Wien; Verlag Carl Gerold Sohn, 1883.
Radiant Elektrode Matter and the so Called Fourth State. -London: Physical Memoirs, 1889. – Vol. l, Pt.2. – pp. 233–331.
Über die Entstehung der Röntgenstrahlen und ihre photographische Wirkung// Wiener Berichte II Abt. 1896. – 105. – pp. 228–238.
Select works
Puluj, H. J. (1875). On a lecture-room apparatus for the determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat. Taylor and Francis.
Puluj, J., Pulyui, I., Пулюй, И. П., & Пулюй, І. П. (1876). Über die Abhängigkeit der Reibung der Gase von der Temperatur. (About the dependence of the friction of the gases on the temperature).
Puluj, J. (1876). Ueber einen Schulapparat zur Bestimmung des mechanischen Wärmeaequivalentes. Annalen der Physik. 233(3): 437–446. (Over a school apparatus for determining the mechanical Wärmeaequivalentes).
Puluj, J. (1876). Beitrag zur Bestimmung des mechanischen Wärmeaequivalentes. Annalen der Physik. 233(4): 649–656. (Contribution to the determination of the mechanical Wärmeaequivalentes).
Puluj, J. (1877). Ueber die Abhängigkeit der Reibung der Gase von der Temperatur. Annalen der Physik. 237(6): 296–310.
Puluj, J. (1877). On the diffusion of vapours through clay cells. Taylor and Francis.
Puluj, J. (1878). On the friction of vapours. Taylor and Francis.
Puluj, J. (1879). On the radiometer. Taylor and Francis.
Crookes, W., & Puluj, J. (1880). Annalen der Physik. Phil. Trans. 1: 152–3879. (Annals of Physics).
Puluj, J., & Glaser, G. (1880). The Fourth State of Matter. A Refutation. Science. 58–59.
Puluj, J. (1883). Strahlende Elektroden-Materie und der sogenannte vierte Aggregatzustand. (Radiant electrode material and the so-called fourth state).
Puluj, J. (1887). Objective Darstellung der wahren Gestalt einer schwingenden Saite. Annalen der Physik: 267(8): 1033–1035. (Objective presentation of the true form of a vibrating string).
Puluj, J. (1888). Apparatus for illustrating the fall of bodies in a vacuum. Taylor and Francis.
Puluj, J. (1888). Fallapparat. Annalen der Physik. 269(3): 575–576.
Puluj, J. (1890). On a telethermometer. Taylor and Francis.
Puluj, H. (1895). On Kathode Rays. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 14(1): 178.
^Юрiй Головач, Роман Пляцко, Галина Сварник (2020).
Петер Пулюй i архiв Iвана Пулюя(PDF) (in Ukrainian). Львів: Нацiональна академiя наук України. p. 4.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
^Czech language
biographical article in the journal of the
Czech Technical University (2005, No 2, p. 39-40) mentions details and problems Puljui met during the construction of early power plants in the Czech lands.