Look up illeist or illeism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Illeism (/ˈɪli.ɪzəm/; from Latin ille: “he; that man”) is the act of referring to oneself in the
third person instead of
first person. It is sometimes used in literature as a stylistic device. In real-life usage, illeism can reflect a number of different stylistic intentions or involuntary circumstances. The term Illeism comes from
Latinille meaning "he, that".
In literature
Early literature such as
Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico or
Xenophon's
Anabasis, both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors, used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality, which included justifications of the author's actions. In this way personal bias is presented, albeit dishonestly, as objectivity.
In an essay, theologian
Richard B. Hays challenged earlier findings that he disagrees with: "These were the findings of one Richard B. Hays, and the newer essay treats the earlier work and earlier author at arms' length."[1]
Illeism may also be used to show
idiocy, as with the character Mongo in Blazing Saddles, e.g. "Mongo like candy" and "Mongo only pawn in game of life"; though it may also show innocent simplicity, as it does with
Harry Potter's
Dobby the Elf ("Dobby has come to protect, even if he does have to shut his ears in the oven door").[citation needed] The childlike Sesame Street character
Elmo almost exclusively speaks in the third person.
In the
Babylonian Talmud and
related texts, illeism is used extensively, often taking the form of the speaker utilizing the expression hahu gavra ("that man") when referring to himself.[2]
In everyday speech
In different contexts, illeism can be used to reinforce self-promotion, as used to sometimes comic effect by
Bob Dole throughout his political career ("When the president is ready to deploy, Bob Dole is ready to lead the fight on the Senate Floor", Bob Dole speaking about the
Strategic Defense Initiative at the NCPAC convention, 1987). This was particularly made notable during the
United States presidential election of 1996 and lampooned broadly in popular media for years afterwards. Deepanjana Pal of Firstpost noted that speaking in the third person "is a classic technique used by generations of
Bollywoodscriptwriters to establish a character's
aristocracy,
power and
gravitas".[3]
On the other hand, third person self-referral can be associated with
self-deprecation,
irony, and not taking oneself too seriously (since the excessive use of the pronoun "I" is often seen as a sign of
narcissism and
egocentrism),[4] as well as with
eccentricity in general. Psychological studies show that thinking and speaking of oneself in the third person increases
wisdom and has a positive effect on one's mental state because an individual who does so is more
intellectually humble, more capable of
empathy and understanding the perspectives of others, and is able to distance emotionally from one's own problems.[5][6][7][8]
Some parents use illeism (refer to themselves as "Daddy" or "Mommy") because very young children may not yet understand that the pronouns "I" and "you" refer to different people based on context.[17][18] Toddlers acquiring speech often refer to themselves in the third person before learning proper usage of the pronoun "I", and their speech evolves past using illeism once they develop a strong sense of self-recognition, often before age two.[19]
Rickey Henderson (b. 1958), baseball left fielder, often[39] referred to himself as "Rickey".[40]
Dwayne Johnson (b. 1972), professional wrestler, referenced himself in the third person as The Rock during his career, particularly with his trash-talking promos.[41]
Lothar Matthäus (b. 1961), German football manager and former player, is quoted with the phrase: "A Lothar Matthäus does not let himself be beaten by his body. A Lothar Matthäus decides on his fate himself."[44]
Cam Newton (b. 1989), NFL quarterback, referred to himself in third person during his press conference at the
NFL Combine in 2011.[45]
Norman Mailer's non-fiction work The Fight (1975) refers to the author in the third person throughout, explaining why he has chosen to do so at the beginning of the book.[67]
Major Bagstock, the apoplectic retired
Indian army officer in
Charles Dickens' Dombey and Son (1848), refers to himself solely as Joseph, Old Joe, Joey B, Bagstock, Josh, J.B., Anthony Bagstock, and other variants of his own name.[69]
Captain Hook in
J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan and Wendy (1911): "'Better for Hook,' he cried, 'if he had had less ambition!' It was in his darkest hours only that he referred to himself in the third person."[70]
Hercule Poirot, a fictional Belgian detective created by British writer
Agatha Christie, usually refers to himself in the third person.[73]
Gollum in The Lord of the Rings (1954–55) spoke in an idiosyncratic manner, often referring to himself in the third person, and frequently talked to himself—"through having no one else to speak to", as
Tolkien put it in The Hobbit.[74]
Charlie Gordon in the acclaimed novel Flowers for Algernon (1959) speaks in third person in the "being outside one's body and watching things happen" manner in his flashbacks to his abusive and troubled childhood suffering from
phenylketonuria.[75]
Boday, a quirky female artist in
Jack Chalker's Changewinds trilogy (1987–88).[76]
Y. T., a teenage girl in Snow Crash (1992) by Neal Stephenson.[77]
Bast the Wood Elf in The Council Wars series by
John Ringo.
The healer and wisewoman Magda Digby in the Owen Archer series (1993–2019) by
Candace Robb.[78]
Jaqen H'ghar, an assassin of the Faceless Men in the fantasy suite A Song of Ice and Fire (1996–), consistently refers to himself ("a man") as well as frequently the person he is addressing (e.g. "a girl") in impersonal, third person form, and never by name.[79]
Tigger in the Winnie the Pooh books, films and television series frequently refers to himself in the third-person plural, e.g. "That's what Tiggers do best!"
Comics
Doctor Doom is known for more often than not referring to himself as "Doom" instead of "me" or "I".[83]
Mantis almost always refers to herself as "Mantis", "she", and "this one"; this has to do with her upbringing at the Temple of the Priests of Pama, an alien pacifistic sect heavily inspired by real-life Eastern religious movements.[84]
Elmo from Sesame Street (1980–present), whose speech is intended to mimic the speech of preschoolers. Elmo's third-person speech is similarly adopted by younger Muppet characters in many of the show's international co-productions, including Lola from Plaza Sésamo in Mexico & Hispanic America, Chaos from Sesame Park in Canada, Abigail from Rechov Sumsum in Israel, and Tonton from Hikayat Simsim in Jordan. [85]
Jimmy from the episode "
The Jimmy" (1995) of Seinfeld (1989–98), whose usage leads to confusion about his identity. The usage rubs off on
George Costanza, who exclaims "George is getting upset!"[90]
Bob, played by Saverio Guerra, in Becker (1998–2004)[91]
Stitch and his creator
Jumba Jookiba from Lilo & Stitch (2002) and
its franchise. Stitch develops this habit after his adoption by
Lilo Pelekai, although his only does this twice in the original film itself, both instances within a few seconds of each other in the same scene ("Does Stitch have to go in the ship?" and "Can Stitch say goodbye?"),[101] although he does occasionally use the first-person. Jumba sometimes refers to himself in the third-person, but not to the same frequency as Stitch.[102]
Manga and anime
Sayuri Kurata from Kanon (1999–2000) speaks this way in order to separate herself from her past treatment of her little brother, which she regrets.[103]
Guzma, the leader of
Team Skull in Pokémon Sun & Moon, speaks like this; notable examples are "It's ya boy Guzma!" and "Guzmaaaaaaaaaaaaa! What's wrong with you?!"
The Khajiit, a race of humanoid cats in The Elder Scrolls, often refer to themselves in the third person, whether by name, or by saying 'this one' or 'Khajiit'.
The Hanar, a race of sentient jellyfish in Mass Effect, refer to themselves as 'this one'. In their culture, it is narcissistic and rude to refer to oneself as 'I'.
^Richard B. Hays, “‘Here We Have No Lasting City’: New Covenantalism in Hebrews” in Richard J. Bauckham et al. (eds.), The Epistle to the Hebrews and Christian Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 151–173, esp. 151–152, 167.
^Manthorpe, Jonathan. Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan (2005 ed.). St. Martin's Griffin. p. 15.
^Trotsky, Leon (1937). The Revolution Betrayed. What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going?. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, inc.
^Landers, Chris (2016-02-11).
"Johnny Cueto was pretty impressed with Johnny Cueto's Game 5 gem in this third-person interview". mlb.com. How was Johnny Cueto able to step up in such a pivotal Game 5? "Games like this are where you see Johnny Cueto – the real Johnny Cueto." Yes, Cueto gave his interview through an interpreter, but if you listen closely, you'll hear the pitcher was speaking in the third person the whole time.
^Nordquist, Richard (2012-09-24).
"A Few More Oddities: Illeism, Semantic Satiation, and Garden-Path Sentences". About.com guide. Archived from
the original on 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2012-12-07. Here, for instance, is how pro basketball player LeBron James justified his decision to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers to join the Miami Heat: I wanted to do what was best for LeBron James and what LeBron James was going to do to make him happy.
^"Doug Robinson: Karl Malone is one of a kind". Deseret News. 2010-08-10. Retrieved 2012-12-06. Maybe Malone didn't even know he was the one who was saying those things, because he tended to talk about himself as another being, in third person. Or maybe he was just schizophrenic, whatever.
^Amis, Martin (2004-10-01).
"In search of Dieguito". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
^Shefter, Adam (2011-02-27).
"Sources: Cam Newton thrown for loop". ESPN.com. His comment drew such a reaction because some say his swagger teeters on the edge of pure arrogance. In roughly 12 minutes at the podium, he referred to himself in the third person three times. When asked if some mistake his confidence for cockiness, he said: "I'm not sure, but I'm a confident person, and it was instilled in myself at an early age to believe in myself".
^Hattenstone, Simon (2003-06-30).
"And God created Pele". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
^Wiltz, Teresa (2006-11-02).
"Love Him, Or Leave Him?". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-12-06. They all purport to be in love with Flav, a man who refers to himself in the third person and whose idea of fine dining is a dash to Red Lobster.
^Rod Elledge (2007). Use of the Third Person for Self-Reference by Jesus and Yahweh: A Study of Illeism in the Bible and Ancient Near Eastern Texts and Its Implications for Christology. Bloomsbury T&T Clark.
ISBN9780567671448.
^Batchelor, Bob (September 3, 2019). The bourbon king : the life and crimes of George Remus, Prohibition's evil genius (First Diversion books ed.). New York.
ISBN978-1-63576-586-1.
OCLC1111785855.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
^RavenWolf, Silver (2001).
Witches' Key to Terror. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 25.
ISBN9780738700496. The three girls milled around the kitchen, dodging Ramona, looking for midnight snacks. Bethany wished for the thousandth time that the housekeeper would not talk about herself in the third person. Too weird.
^Simpson, Craig (June 17, 2009).
"Summer of '84—Waxing on Nostalgia: The Karate Kid". Slant Magazine. Miyagi is a trickier case: at first it looks like Avildsen overplays the man's exoticness (cue that pan flute!), enforced by Kamen's questionable emphasis on the character's me-no-likey phonetic third-person English. ("Miyagi this, Miyagi that...")
^"Quotes for Magua (Character)". IMDB. 2014-08-01. When the Grey Hair is dead, Magua will eat his heart. Before he dies, Magua will put his children under the knife, so the Grey Hair will know his seed is wiped out forever.
^"Cars 2 – An interview with director John Lasseter". Sound and Picture Online. 2011-06-20. He's not just any formula car. He's the star from Italy, Francesco Bernoulli. He is so full of himself—he's an open-wheel car and in the car world, an open-wheel car is like those guys who barely button their shirts. He talks about himself in the third person. Voicing Francesco Bernoulli is John Turturro and he hit it out of the park. It's one of the most entertaining characters we've ever created.
^Moody, Allen (2013-11-05).
"Haganai – Review". THEM Anime Reviews. Like Tim, I didn't like most of the other characters, especially Rika, whose tics (speaking of herself in the third person, and imagining sexual situations in the damnedest places- for example, in mecha manga) kept making me shout "Make it STOP!!!!"
^"Fernando Martinez, Grand Theft Auto Vice City". Quotes.net. Retrieved 2020-03-30. "Stay with me. Stay with Fernando. Por favor. Mi amor. Siolito. It's like Fernando said to his ex-wife: 'I love you, please, don't leave me. It is not what you think; I was bitten by a snake, and the nice lady, she came to suck out the poison. The story, she no work very well.'"