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Hypoprolactinemia
Prolactin
Specialty Gynecology

Hypoprolactinemia is a medical condition characterized by a deficiency in the serum levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary hormone prolactin. [1] [2]

Signs and symptoms

Hypoprolactinemia is associated with ovarian dysfunction in women, [3] [4] and, in men, metabolic syndrome, [5] anxiety symptoms, [5] arteriogenic erectile dysfunction, [6] premature ejaculation, [5] oligozoospermia (low concentration of sperm in semen), asthenospermia (reduced sperm motility), hypofunction of seminal vesicles, and hypoandrogenism. [7] In one study, normal sperm characteristics were restored when prolactin levels were brought up to normal values in men with hypoprolactinemia. [8] Hypoprolactinemia can be a cause of lactation failure after childbirth. [1] [9] [10]

Causes

Hypoprolactinemia can result from autoimmune disease, [2] hypopituitarism, [1] growth hormone deficiency, [2] hypothyroidism, [2] excessive dopamine action in the tuberoinfundibular pathway and/or the anterior pituitary, and ingestion of drugs that activate the D2 receptor, such as direct D2 receptor agonists like bromocriptine and pergolide, and indirect D2 receptor activators like amphetamines (through the induction of dopamine release). [11]

Diagnosis

Guidelines for diagnosing hypoprolactinemia are defined as prolactin levels below 3 µg/L in women, [3] [4] and 5 µg/L in men. [12] [7] [8]

Management

There are few treatments which increase prolactin levels in humans. Treatment differs based on the reason for diagnosis. Women who are diagnosed with hypoprolactinemia following lactation failure are typically advised to formula feed, although treatment with metoclopramide has been shown to increase milk supply in clinical studies. For subfertility, treatment may include clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins. [13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Jerome F. Strauss III; Robert L. Barbieri (28 August 2013). Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 53–. ISBN  978-1-4557-5972-9.
  2. ^ a b c d Andrew S. Davis (25 October 2010). Handbook of Pediatric Neuropsychology. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 1134–. ISBN  978-0-8261-5737-9.
  3. ^ a b Kauppila A, Martikainen H, Puistola U, Reinilä M, Rönnberg L (Mar 1988). "Hypoprolactinemia and ovarian function". Fertil. Steril. 49 (3): 437–41. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)59769-6. PMID  3342895.
  4. ^ a b Schwärzler P, Untergasser G, Hermann M, Dirnhofer S, Abendstein B, Berger P (Oct 1997). "Prolactin gene expression and prolactin protein in premenopausal and postmenopausal human ovaries". Fertil. Steril. 68 (4): 696–701. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(97)00320-8. PMID  9341613.
  5. ^ a b c Corona, Giovanni; Mannucci, Edoardo; Jannini, Emmanuele A; Lotti, Francesco; Ricca, Valdo; Monami, Matteo; Boddi, Valentina; Bandini, Elisa; Balercia, Giancarlo; Forti, Gianni; Maggi, Mario (2009). "Hypoprolactinemia: A New Clinical Syndrome in Patients with Sexual Dysfunction". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 6 (5): 1457–1466. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01206.x. ISSN  1743-6095. PMID  19210705.
  6. ^ Pituitary Hormones—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. 21 June 2013. pp. 62–. ISBN  978-1-4816-7922-0.
  7. ^ a b Gonzales GF, Velasquez G, Garcia-Hjarles M (1989). "Hypoprolactinemia as related to seminal quality and serum testosterone". Arch. Androl. 23 (3): 259–65. doi: 10.3109/01485018908986849. PMID  2619414.
  8. ^ a b Ufearo CS, Orisakwe OE (September 1995). "Restoration of normal sperm characteristics in hypoprolactinemic infertile men treated with metoclopramide and exogenous human prolactin". Clin Pharmacol Ther. 58 (3): 354–9. doi: 10.1016/0009-9236(95)90253-8. PMID  7554710.
  9. ^ Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM (2006). "Aetiology, diagnosis, and management of hypopituitarism in adult life". Postgrad Med J. 82 (966): 259–66. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2005.039768. PMC  2585697. PMID  16597813.
  10. ^ Robert F. Dons; Frank H. Wians, Jr. (17 June 2009). Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Clinical Lab Testing Manual, Fourth Edition. CRC Press. pp. 103–. ISBN  978-1-4200-7936-4.
  11. ^ Trevor W. Stone (9 May 1996). CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators. CRC Press. pp. 214–. ISBN  978-0-8493-7632-0.
  12. ^ Corona G, Mannucci E, Jannini EA, Lotti F, Ricca V, Monami M, Boddi V, Bandini E, Balercia G, Forti G, Maggi M (May 2009). "Hypoprolactinemia: a new clinical syndrome in patients with sexual dysfunction". J. Sex. Med. 6 (5): 1457–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01206.x. PMID  19210705.
  13. ^ "Prolactin Deficiency Medication: Antidopaminergic agents". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 2017-11-25.

External links

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