Genus of fishes
Hyphessobrycon is a
genus of
freshwater fish in the
family
Characidae . These
species are among the fishes known as
tetras . The genus is distributed in the
Neotropical realm from southern
Mexico to
Río de la Plata in
Argentina . Many of these species are native to
South America ; about six species are from
Central America and a single species,
H. compressus is from southern Mexico.
[1]
All small fishes, the Hyphessobrycon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about 1.7–9.6 cm (0.7–3.8 in).
[1] Great anatomical diversity exists in this genus.
[2] They are generally of typical characin shape, but vary greatly in coloration and body form, many species having distinctive black, red, or yellow markings on their bodies and fins. These species are generally
omnivorous , feeding predominantly on small
crustaceans ,
insects ,
annelid worms, and
zooplankton . When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.
Taxonomy
This large genus of characins includes over 150 species.
[1] The systematics of Hyphessobrycon are still largely unresolved.
[3] Six groups within this genus have been recognized based on color patterns alone.
[4] With no
phylogenetic analysis of this genus, species are placed into this genus as anatomically defined by
Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917.
[2] By this definition, Hyphessobrycon is identified by the presence of an
adipose fin , incomplete
lateral line , two tooth series in the
premaxilla , with the teeth of the external series continuous in a single series, teeth not strictly conical, preventral scales arranged in more than one row and lack of scales in the
caudal fin .
[2] The characteristic of extension of scales onto the caudal fin that differentiates this genus from
Hemigrammus is not satisfactory, as it occurs in intermediate conditions.
[2]
This genus is not
monophyletic .
[2] A monophyletic group within Hyphessobrycon has been hypothesized, termed the rosy tetra
clade ; this group is based upon coloration pattern and the shape of
dorsal and
anal fins of males.
[4] Recognition of monophyletic groups among Hyphessobrycon species is complicated by the difficulty in finding characters useful for hypothesis of relationships among the species.
[4] Traditional characters used to identify Hyphessobrycon are phylogenetically unreliable.
[4]
Etymology
The
generic name, Hyphessobrycon , is of slightly uncertain origin. The second part derives from the
Greek βρύκω (to bite); the first, derives from an ostensible Greek hyphesson , which may be an error for υπελάσσων (slightly smaller).
[1]
Relationship to humans
The
flame tetra (H. flammeus ) is bred in large numbers in captivity and common in the aquarium trade, but rare in the wild.
[5]
[6]
Most of the 144 species in the genus have not been rated by the
IUCN Red List as a
threatened , but many species have small
distributions and at least three,
H. flammeus ,
[5] H. coelestinus and H. duragenys are classified as
endangered .
[7] One, H. taurocephalus , is categorised as
possibly extinct .
[5]
[8] This species only occurs in a few rivers and streams in
Santa Catarina and
Paraná states of Brazil.
Many Hyphessobrycon species are popular
aquarium fish, and some, including H. flammeus , are bred in large numbers in captivity.
[6]
[9]
Species
The 156 currently recognized species in this genus are:
Hyphessobrycon acaciae
García-Alzate ,
Román-Valencia &
Prada-Pedreros , 2010
[10]
Hyphessobrycon agulha
Fowler , 1913 (red-tailed flag tetra)
Hyphessobrycon albolineatum
Fernández-Yépez , 1950
Hyphessobrycon amandae
Géry &
Uj , 1987 (ember tetra)
Hyphessobrycon amapaensis
Zarske & Géry, 1998 (red-line tetra)
Hyphessobrycon amaronensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia &
Taphorn , 2010
[11]
Hyphessobrycon arianae Uj & Géry, 1989
Hyphessobrycon auca
Almirón ,
Casciotta ,
Bechara &
Ruíz Díaz , 2004
Hyphessobrycon axelrodi (
Travassos , 1959) (calypso tetra)
Hyphessobrycon balbus
G. S. Myers , 1927
Hyphessobrycon bentosi
Durbin , 1908 (ornate tetra)
Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Durbin, 1911 (yellow tetra)
Hyphessobrycon borealis
Zarske ,
Le Bail & Géry, 2006
Hyphessobrycon boulengeri (C. H. Eigenmann, 1907)
Hyphessobrycon brumado
Zanata &
Camelier , 2010
[12]
Hyphessobrycon bussingi Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli, 2020
[13]
Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis
Travassos , 1964
Hyphessobrycon caru
GUIMARÃES , 2019
[14]
Hyphessobrycon catableptus (Durbin, 1909)
Hyphessobrycon chiribiquete García‐Alzate, Lima, Taphorn, Mojica, Urbano‐Bonilla & Teixeira, 2020
[15]
Hyphessobrycon chocoensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2013
[16]
Hyphessobrycon clavatus Zarske, 2015
[17]
Hyphessobrycon coelestinus
G. S. Myers , 1929
Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & Géry, 2002
Hyphessobrycon comodoro
Dagosta ,
Seren ,
Ferreira &
Marinho , 2022
[18]
Hyphessobrycon compressus (
Meek , 1904) (Mayan tetra)
[19]
Hyphessobrycon condotensis
Regan , 1913
Hyphessobrycon copelandi Durbin, 1908
Hyphessobrycon cyanotaenia Zarske & Géry, 2006 (lapis tetra)
[20]
Hyphessobrycon delimai
Teixeira ,
Netto-Ferreira ,
Birindelli &
L. M. Sousa , 2016
[21]
Hyphessobrycon diancistrus
S. H. Weitzman , 1977
Hyphessobrycon diastatos
D'Agosta ,
Marinho &
Camelier , 2014
[22]
Hyphessobrycon dorsalis Zarske, 2014
[23]
Hyphessobrycon duragenys Durbin, 1911
Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis C. H. Eigenmann &
Henn , 1914
Hyphessobrycon eilyos
F. C. T. Lima &
C. L. R. Moreira , 2003
Hyphessobrycon elachys
M. J. Weitzman , 1985
Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin, 1909 (dawn tetra)
Hyphessobrycon epicharis S. H. Weitzman &
L. F. Palmer , 1997
Hyphessobrycon eques (
Steindachner , 1882) (jewel tetra)
Hyphessobrycon ericae C. L. R. Moreira & F. C. T. Lima, 2017
[24]
Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma (
Fowler , 1943) (bleeding-heart tetra)
Hyphessobrycon eschwartzae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia &
H. Ortega , 2013
[25]
Hyphessobrycon fernandezi Fernández-Yépez, 1972
Hyphessobrycon flammeus G. S. Myers, 1924 (flame tetra)
[5]
Hyphessobrycon frankei Zarske & Géry, 1997
Hyphessobrycon georgettae Géry, 1961
Hyphessobrycon gracilior Géry, 1964
Hyphessobrycon griemi
Hoedeman , 1957 (gold-spotted tetra)
Hyphessobrycon hamatus
Bertaco &
L. R. Malabarba , 2005
Hyphessobrycon haraldschultzi
Travassos , 1960
Hyphessobrycon hasemani Fowler, 1913
Hyphessobrycon heliacus C. L. R. Moreira,
Landim &
W. J. E. M. Costa , 2002
Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi Géry, 1961 (black-neon tetra)
Hyphessobrycon heteresthes (
Ulrey , 1894)
Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Ulrey, 1894) (flag tetra)
Hyphessobrycon hexastichos
Bertaco &
T. P. Carvalho , 2005
Hyphessobrycon hildae Fernández-Yépez, 1950
Hyphessobrycon igneus
Miquelarena ,
Menni ,
H. L. López &
Casciotta , 1980
Hyphessobrycon iheringi Fowler, 1941
Hyphessobrycon inconstans (C. H. Eigenmann &
Ogle , 1907)
Hyphessobrycon isiri
Almirón , Casciotta &
Körber , 2006
Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis
S. M. Q. Lima &
W. J. E. M. Costa , 2001
Hyphessobrycon jackrobertsi Zarske, 2014
[23]
Hyphessobrycon kayabi Teixeira, F. C. T. Lima &
Zuanon , 2014
[26]
Hyphessobrycon khardinae Zarske, 2008
Hyphessobrycon klausanni García-Alzate, Urbano-Bonilla & Taphorn, 2017
[27]
Hyphessobrycon krenakore Teixeira,
Netto-Ferreira ,
Birindelli &
L. M. Sousa , 2016
[21]
Hyphessobrycon langeanii F. C. T. Lima & C. L. R. Moreira, 2003
Hyphessobrycon latus Fowler, 1941
Hyphessobrycon loretoensis
Ladiges , 1938 (Loreto tetra)
Hyphessobrycon loweae W. J. E. M. Costa & Géry, 1994
[28]
Hyphessobrycon lucenorum
Ohara & F. C. T. Lima, 2015
[29]
Hyphessobrycon luetkenii (
Boulenger , 1887)
Hyphessobrycon maculicauda
C. G. E. Ahl , 1936
Hyphessobrycon margitae Zarske, 2016
[30]
Hyphessobrycon mavro García-Alzate, Román-Valencia &
Prada-Pedreros , 2010
[10]
Hyphessobrycon megalopterus (C. H. Eigenmann, 1915) (black-phantom tetra)
Hyphessobrycon melanostichos
T. P. Carvalho &
Bertaco , 2006
Hyphessobrycon melasemeion Fowler, 1945
Hyphessobrycon melazonatus Durbin, 1908
Hyphessobrycon meridionalis
Ringuelet ,
Miquelarena & Menni, 1978
Hyphessobrycon metae C. H. Eigenmann & Henn, 1914
Hyphessobrycon micropterus (C. H. Eigenmann, 1915)
Hyphessobrycon minimus Durbin, 1909
Hyphessobrycon minor Durbin, 1909
Hyphessobrycon moniliger C. L. R. Moreira, F. C. T. Lima & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2002
Hyphessobrycon montagi F. C. T. Lima,
Coutinho &
Wosiacki , 2014
[31]
Hyphessobrycon mutabilis
W. J. E. M. Costa &
Géry , 1994
Hyphessobrycon myrmex
Pastana ,
D'Agosta &
Esguícero , 2017
[32]
Hyphessobrycon natagaima García-Alzate, Taphorn,
Román-Valencia &
Villa-Navarro , 2015
[33]
Hyphessobrycon negodagua F. C. T. Lima &
Gerhard , 2001
Hyphessobrycon nicolasi
Miquelarena &
H. L. López , 2010
[34]
Hyphessobrycon niger García-Alzate, Román-Valencia &
Prada-Pedreros , 2010
[10]
Hyphessobrycon nigricinctus Zarske & Géry, 2004 (morado tetra)
Hyphessobrycon notidanos
T. P. Carvalho &
Bertaco , 2006
Hyphessobrycon ocasoensis García-Alzate & Román-Valencia, 2008
Hyphessobrycon oritoensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2008
Hyphessobrycon otrynus
Benine &
G. A. M. Lopes , 2008
Hyphessobrycon paepkei Zarske, 2014
[23]
Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin, 1908
Hyphessobrycon pando Hein, 2009 (Pando tetra)
Hyphessobrycon parvellus Durbin, 1911
Hyphessobrycon paucilepis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2008
Hyphessobrycon peruvianus Ladiges, 1938 (Peruvian tetra)
Hyphessobrycon petricolus Ohara, F. C. T. Lima & Barros, 2017
[35]
Hyphessobrycon peugeoti
Ingenito , F. C. T. Lima &
Buckup , 2013
[28]
Hyphessobrycon piabinhas Fowler, 1941
Hyphessobrycon pinnistriatus F. R. de Carvalho, Cabeceira & L. N. Carvalho, 2017
[36]
Hyphessobrycon platyodus
Ohara ,
Abrahão &
Espíndola , 2017
[37]
Hyphessobrycon poecilioides
C. H. Eigenmann , 1913
Hyphessobrycon procerus
Mahnert & Géry, 1987
Hyphessobrycon procyon
Pastana & Ohara, 2016
[38]
Hyphessobrycon proteus C. H. Eigenmann, 1913
Hyphessobrycon psittacus D'Agosta, Marinho, Camelier & F. C. T. Lima, 2016
[20]
Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis C. G. E. Ahl, 1937 (lemon tetra)
Hyphessobrycon pyrrhonotus
W. E. Burgess , 1993
Hyphessobrycon pytai Géry & Mahnert, 1993
Hyphessobrycon reticulatus Durbin, 1911
Hyphessobrycon rheophilus Ohara, Teixeira, Albornoz-Garzón, Mirande & Lima, 2019
[39]
Hyphessobrycon robustulus (
Cope , 1870)
Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Durbin, 1909 (rosy tetra)
Hyphessobrycon roseus (Géry, 1960)
Hyphessobrycon rutiliflavidus F. R. de Carvalho,
Langeani ,
Miyazawa &
Troy , 2008
Hyphessobrycon saizi Géry, 1964
Hyphessobrycon santae (C. H. Eigenmann, 1907)
Hyphessobrycon savagei
W. A. Bussing , 1967
Hyphessobrycon schauenseei Fowler, 1926
Hyphessobrycon scholzei C. G. E. Ahl, 1937 (black-line tetra)
Hyphessobrycon scutulatus
C. A. S. Lucena , 2003
Hyphessobrycon sebastiani García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2010
[40]
Hyphessobrycon sergipanus
Bragança ,
Ottoni &
Rangel-Pereira , 2016
[41]
[42]
Hyphessobrycon simulatus (Géry, 1960)
Hyphessobrycon socolofi S. H. Weitzman, 1977 (spot-fin tetra)
Hyphessobrycon sovichthys
L. P. Schultz , 1944
Hyphessobrycon stegemanni Géry, 1961 (savanna tetra)
Hyphessobrycon stramineus Durbin, 1918
Hyphessobrycon sweglesi (Géry, 1961) (red-phantom tetra)
Hyphessobrycon taguae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2010
[11]
Hyphessobrycon takasei Géry, 1964 (coffee-bean tetra)
Hyphessobrycon taphorni García-Alzate, Román-Valencia &
H. Ortega , 2013
[25]
Hyphessobrycon taurocephalus Durbin, 1911
Hyphessobrycon tenuis Géry, 1964
Hyphessobrycon togoi
Miquelarena & H. L. López, 2006
Hyphessobrycon tortuguerae
J. E. Böhlke , 1958
Hyphessobrycon tropis Géry, 1963
Hyphessobrycon tukunai Géry, 1965
Hyphessobrycon tuyensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2008
Hyphessobrycon uaiso F. R. de Carvalho &
Langeani , 2013
[43]
Hyphessobrycon vanzolinii F. C. T. Lima &
Flausino , 2016
[44]
Hyphessobrycon vilmae Géry, 1966
Hyphessobrycon vinaceus
Bertaco ,
L. R. Malabarba &
Dergam , 2007
Hyphessobrycon wadai Marinho, D'Agosta, Camelier &
Oyakawa , 2016 (blueberry tetra)
[45]
Hyphessobrycon wajat Almirón & Casciotta, 1999
Hyphessobrycon weitzmanorum F. C. T. Lima & C. L. R. Moreira, 2003
Hyphessobrycon werneri Géry & Uj, 1987
Hyphessobrycon wosiackii C. L. R. Moreira & F. C. T. Lima, 2017
[24]
Hyphessobrycon zoe Faria, Lima & Wosiacki, 2020
[46]
References
^
a
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c
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a
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^ Lima, F.C.T. & Moreira, C.R. (2003):
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a
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^
a
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c
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^
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^
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a
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^ Ota, R. R.; Carvalho, F. R.; Pavanelli, C. S. (2020). Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa. 4751(3)
^ Erick Cristofore Guimarães, Pâmella Silva de Brito, Leonardo Manir Feitosa, Luis Fernando Carvalho Costa, Felipe Polivanov Ottoni (2019-06-12), "A new cryptic species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin, 1908 (Characiformes, Characidae) from the Eastern Amazon, revealed by integrative taxonomy", Zoosystematics and Evolution , 95 (2): 345–360,
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^
a
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^
a
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a
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a
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^
a
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^ Teixeira, T.F., Lima, F.C.T. & Zuanon, J. (2014):
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^
a
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^ Ohara, W.M. & Lima, F.C.T. (2015):
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^ Zarske, A. (2016):
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doi :
10.1643/CI-19-311 .
ISSN
0045-8511 .
S2CID
219447048 .