| Histoplasma | |
|---|---|
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| Tuberculate macroconidia of Histoplasma capsulatum | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Onygenales |
| Family: | Ajellomycetaceae |
| Genus: |
Histoplasma Darling (1906) |
| Type species | |
| Histoplasma capsulatum Darling (1906)
| |
| Species | |
|
Histoplasma capsulatum | |
Histoplasma is a genus of fungi in the order Onygenales. [1] Species are known human pathogens producing yeast-like states under pathogenic conditions. They are the causative agents of histoplasmosis in humans and epizootic lymphangitis in horses. [2]
Forms and stages
Histoplasma species have two forms: their environmental form is hyphal with micro conidia and tuberculate macroconidia while their pathogenic form is a small intracellular yeast with a narrow neck and no bud with no capsule. [3] Infection occurs through inhalation of microconidia or small mycelial fragments. The dimorphic mold-yeast transforms and enters host macrophages and proliferates within them. Infections are most often seen in immunodeficient individuals. [4]
Species are mainly found in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys in the United States ( H.ohiense and H. mississippiense) as well as Central ( H. capsulatum) and South America ( H. suramericanum), Africa ( H. duboisii), Asia, and Australia. [5] [6]
References
- ^ Jiang Y, Dukik K, Munoz JF, Sigler L, Schwartz IS, Govender NP, Kenyon C, Feng P, van den Ende BG, Stielow JB, Stchigel AM, Lu H, de Hoog S (2018). "Phylogeny, ecology and taxonomy of systemic pathogens and their relatives in Ajellomycetaceae (Onygenales): Blastomyces, Emergomyces, Emmonsia, Emmonsiellopsis". Fungal Diversity. 90: 245–291. doi: 10.1007/s13225-018-0403-y. hdl: 10067/1520590151162165141.
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^ OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2004 Chapter 2.5.13,
"Archived copy". Archived from
the original on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) - ^ Hutton, JP (April 1985). "Hyphal forms of Histoplasma capsulatum. A common manifestation of intravascular infections". Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 109 (4): 330–332. PMID 3885898 – via Pubmed.
- ^ Lopez, CE (Oct 2006). "Dimorphism and pathogenesis of Histoplasma capsulatum". Revista Argentina de Microbiologia. 38 (4): 235–242. PMID 17370580 – via Pubmed.
- ^ "Histoplasmosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
- ^ Sepúlveda VE, Márquez R, Turissini DA, Goldman WE, Matute DR (2017). "Genome sequences reveal cryptic speciation in the human pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum". mBio. 8 (6): e01339-17. doi: 10.1128/mbio.01339-17. PMC 5717386. PMID 29208741.
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