The family was
circumscribed in 1854 by Finnish lichenologist
William Nylander. His description of the family mentioned the obscure brown
thallus resembling
algae, with an overall
morphology described as either filamentous or tufted (
fruticose). The fruiting structures, the
apothecia, are described as either
endocarpous or
biatorine. He included two
tribes in the Lichinaceae: Ephebeae, which contained the genera Ephebe and Gonionema, and Lichineae, which contained Lichina, the
type genus.[3]
In 1986,
Aino Henssen and Burkhard Büdel proposed the order
Lichinales to contain the Lichinaceae.[4] In the 1980s and 1990s, several taxonomic and nomenclatural studies were the basis for the revision of many of the species in the family.[5][6]
Heppiaceae was a family proposed by
Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1906 to contain the genus Heppia. It was considered to differ from the Peltulaceae in the polysporous
asci, the rostrate type of ascus (i.e., having a beaklike process), the type of
photobiont, and the thallus anatomy. Heppiaceae was typically included in the order
Lecanorales, while the Peltulaceae was included in the Lichinales.[7]Molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the genus Heppia forms a
clade nested within the Lichinaceae, and so Heppiaceae was
synonymized with Lichinaceae in 2003.[1]
First informally proposed by
Antonín Vězda in 1974, then formally published in 1984 by
Josef Hafellner,[8] the family
Harpidiaceae contains the genera Harpidium and Euopsis. Although some authoritative sources have folded the Harpidiaceae into the Lichinaceae, some other authorities have preferred to treat the Harpidiaceae as a distinct, independent family. For example, in the Outline of the Ascomycota, the genera were included in the Lichinaceae.[7][9] In a corrected and amended version of the "2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota", the Harpidiaceae was added as Pezizomycotina incertae sedis,[10] a placement followed by recent (2022) review of fungal classification.[11]
Description
The
thalli of Lichinaceae species are known to occur in a variety of forms, including gelatinous,
crustose,
peltate, filamentous to microfoliose or microfruticose, ecorticate (lacking a
cortex) and
homoiomerous or stratified and very rarely eucorticate (i.e., comprising well-differentiated
hyphae). The
photobiont partner for the majority of species is
cyanobacterial. The form of the
ascomata is
apotheciate, usually zeorine, immersed or adnate, often pycnoascocarps, rarely thallinocarps. The
hamathecium (the hyphae or other tissues between the asci) consist of unbranched to branched
paraphyses,
amyloid or non-amyloid.
Asci are either prototunicate or unitunicate, and either amyloid or non-amyloid.
Ascospores are simple, spherical to
ellipsoid in shape,
hyaline, and non-amyloid. The
conidiomata are in the form of
pycnidia. The
conidia are non-
septate,
ellipsoid or bacilliform, rarely
globose or
filiform to sigmoid, and
hyaline. No
lichen products are made. Most species in the family are
saxicolous (rock-dwelling) or terrestrial, while some species are
corticolous (bark-dwelling).[12]
^
abSchultz, Matthias; Büdel, Burkhard (2003). "On the systematic position of the lichen genus Heppia". The Lichenologist. 35 (2): 151–156.
doi:
10.1016/s0024-2829(03)00019-7.
^Cannon, Paul F.; Kirk, Paul M. (2007). Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 17.
ISBN978-0-85199-827-5.
^Henssen, A.; Büdel, B. (1986). "Lichinales Henssen and Biidel ordo nov". Systema Ascomycetum. 5 (115): 138.
^Henssen, Aino (1986). "The genus Paulia (Lichinaceae)". The Lichenologist. 18 (3): 201–229.
doi:
10.1017/s0024282986000282.
^Henssen, Aino; Jørgensen, Per Magnus (1990). "New combinations and synonyms in the Lichinaceae". The Lichenologist. 22 (2): 137–147.
doi:
10.1017/s0024282990000093.
^
abEriksson, O.E.; Hawksworth, D.L. (1998). "Outline of the ascomycetes—1998". Systema Ascomycetum. 16 (1–2): 83–296.
^Hafellner, J. (1984). "Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoracae und Lecideaceae". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia (in German). 79: 283.
^Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Huhndorf, Sabine M. (2010). "Myconet Volume 14. Part One. Outline of Ascomycota—2009. Part Two. Notes on Ascomycete Systematics. Nos. 4751–5113". Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 1: 1–64.
doi:
10.3158/1557.1.
^Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "Corrections and amendments to the 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota". The Bryologist. 120 (1): 58–69.
doi:
10.1639/0007-2745-120.1.058.
^Moreno, P.P.; Egea, J.M. (1992). "Digitothyrea, a new genus in the family Lichinaceae". The Lichenologist. 24 (3): 215–228.
doi:
10.1017/s0024282992000331.
^Henssen, Aino (1986). "Edwardiella mirabilis, a holocarpous lichen from Marion Island". The Lichenologist. 18 (1): 51–56.
doi:
10.1017/S0024282986000063.
^Steiner, J. (1903). "Bearbeitung der von O. Simony 1898 und 1899 in Südarabien, auf Sokotra undden benachbarten Inseln gesammelten Flechten". Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien) Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse (in German). 71: 93–102.
^Henssen, A.; Büdel, B. (1984). "Phyllisciella, a new genus of the Lichinaceae". In Hertel, H.; Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beitrage zur Lichenologie. Festscrift J. Poelt. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. Vol. 79. Vaduz: J. Cramer. pp. 381–398.
^Körber, Gustav Wilhelm (1855).
Systema lichenum Germaniae (in German). Breslau: Trewendt & Granier. pp. 157, 425.
^Gyelnik, V. (1939). "Revisio typorum ab auctoribus variis descriptorum IV". Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici (in Latin). 32: 147–207 [181].
^Henssen, Aino (1990). "Thermutopsis Jamesii, a new member of the Lichinaceae From Antigua". The Lichenologist. 22 (3): 253–259.
doi:
10.1017/s0024282990000287.
^Massalongo, A.B. (1856). Schedulae criticae in lichenes exsiccatos Italiae. p. 75.
^Díaz-Escandón, David; Hawksworth, David L.; Powell, Mark; Resl, Philipp; Spribille, Toby (2021). "The British chalk specialist Lecidea lichenicola auct. revealed as a new genus of Lichinomycetes". Fungal Biology. 125 (7): 495–504.
doi:
10.1016/j.funbio.2021.01.007.
PMID34140146.
^Herre, Albert W.C.T. (1912). "Supplement to the lichen flora of the Santa Cruz peninsula, California". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 2 (15): 380–386.
JSTOR24520690.