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Heberto Padilla (1981).

Heberto Juan Padilla (20 January 1932 – 25 September 2000) was a Cuban poet put to the center of the so-called Padilla affair when he was imprisoned for criticizing the Cuban government. [1] [2] He was born in Puerta de Golpe, Pinar del Río, Cuba. His first book of poetry, Las rosas audaces (The Audacious Roses), was published in 1949. Although Padilla initially supported the revolution led by Fidel Castro, by the late 1960s he began to criticize it openly and in 1971 he was imprisoned by the Cuban government. [3] [4] [5]

Background

Criticism of the revolution

Padilla's criticism of the Castro government was prompted by the changing role of the writer in the new revolutionary society of Cuba, and the brewing hostilities between Cuban cultural bureaucrats and the Cuban writers. During the 1950s, writers in Cuba had shown strength and vigor in the production of cultural institutions and creative material, including the Casa de las Américas and the publication of Lunes de Revolución. [6] However, cultural bureaucrats had begun to be more critical towards art produced, and banned the movie P.M., a film about night life in Cuba. This perpetuated already existing distrust between the Popular Socialist Party, and Lunes de Revolución, who had sponsored the television platform that P.M. was shown on. Following this crisis, the writers of Lunes de Revolución, among other Cuban writers, were invited to a series of discussions at the National Library, where leaders of the PSP accused them of being divisive and not truly socialist. The heated nature of these debates demanded the intervention of Fidel Castro, himself, who then, in this speech, outlined the government's cultural policy: there will be tolerance towards all forms of artistic expression, as long as there was a basic support for the Revolution. [6]

Padilla grew frustrated with the government's interference in cultural affairs. In 1968, this underlying tension manifested in a debate published in the cultural magazine, El Caimán Barbudo, where Padilla wrote a scathing critique of Lisandro Otero's Pasión de Urbino, a novel that was considered for the Spanish Biblioteca Breve award, but was beat out by Tres Tristes Tigres by Guillermo Cabrera Infante. In Padilla's article, he denounces Pasión de Urbino, as well as Otero, who was the Vice President of the Cultural Council. [7] Padilla proceeded to praise Tres Tristes Tigres, calling it one of the most brilliant, ingenious and profoundly Cuban novels ever written. [7] Therefore, Padilla not only attacked Otero, a high-ranking cultural official, but also praised Cabrera Infante, who had publicly condemned the Revolution and the conditions of writers within Cuba, dangerously branding Padilla as an ally to a traitor of the Revolution. [6] Following this scandal, the editorial board of El Caimán Barbudo, which published this debate, was fired and Padilla lost his job working at the Granma, one of the government sanctioned news outlets in Cuba.

Padilla's frustration was only exacerbated when the National Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba (UNEAC), awarded the "Julián de Casal" to Heberto Padilla's collection of critical poems, Fuera del juego in 1968, which would allow it to be published and distributed to the public. [8] Before Fuera del juego was published, the UNEAC had heavily criticized the decision, and underwent a series of discussions about the counterrevolutionary nature of the book. The series of poems contained blatant revolutionary skepticism, especially in the poem titled Fuera del juego, where he outlines the difference between a good revolutionary and a bad revolutionary. [9] Although the poem, as well as the book, presents a critical stance on the Revolution, it does so to prevent the Revolution from "supra-bureaucracy or militarization". [8] The decision, however, was upheld, and Fuera del juego was published with a political disclaimer, but the criticisms of Padilla's work did not halt here. A series of articles were posted in Verde Olivo, the magazine of the armed forces, under the name Leopaldo Avila, prompting a stricter outline of the government's cultural policy. [6] The conditional tolerance of Cuban literature required more than just a basic support for the Revolution. Thus a declaration of principles was created and approved at the Congress of Writers and Artists in 1968 that further defined the role of the writer in Cuba, stating that the writer has to not only support the Revolution, but contribute to it through utilizing literature as a "weapon against weakness and problems which, directly or indirectly, could hinder this advance." [6]

Foreign interactions

According to Cuban accounts, Padilla stirred controversy in an attempt to attract foreign attention towards his work. [5] Writer José Lorenzo Fuentes had already been removed from the UNEAC in 1967 for his critical work and alleged contact with Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and according to Otero, Padilla saw this scandal as an opportunity to receive foreign attention. [5] Jorge Edwards, a Chilean diplomat critical of the Castro government, would also support Otero's views that Padilla sought international recognition, noting that Padilla's interactions with foreigners attracted the attention of Cuba's intelligence service. [5] Padilla's contact with foreign individuals reportedly included those working with the CIA, though this has been disputed. [3] [5] [10]

Affair

Imprisonment

With the strengthening of the overall cultural policy of the Cuban government in an attempt to avoid the weakening of the Revolutionary ideology, vigilance towards Cuban writers had increased, punishing them for even slightly deviating from Castro's communist praxis. Thus on March 20, 1971, Heberto Padilla was arrested and jailed for his work, Fuera del juego. To illustrate the trivial nature of revolutionary vigilance, one of the charges brought against Fuera del juego was Padilla's conception of history, where he described time as a circle. This was seen as counterrevolutionary. In UNEAC's official point of view, they stated, "He has expressed his anti-historical attitude by means of exalting individualism in opposition to collective demands of a country in the midst of historical development and by also stating his idea of time as a reoccurring a repeating circle instead of an ascending line." [8]

Controversy

Padilla was released thirty-seven days after being imprisoned, but not before delivering a statement of self-criticism to a UNEAC meeting. In this statement he had confessed to the charges brought against him, describing himself to be what his adversaries accused him of being: a counterrevolutionary, subtle, insidious, and malignant. [11] He had also accused other writers, including his own wife, and urged them to follow his lead of conforming to the Revolutionary society. [1]

The confession raised concerns that the Cuban government had begun to stage events reminiscent to the Moscow trials of Joseph Stalin. [3] After Padilla's statement of self-criticism, a number of prominent Latin American, North American, and European intellectuals, including Mario Vargas Llosa, Julio Cortázar, Susan Sontag, and Jean-Paul Sartre, spoke out against Padilla's incarceration, and the resulting controversy came to be known as "the Padilla affair." [1] The affair stirred a schism among political critics across the world, bringing many who had previously supported the Fidel Castro government to reconsider their position. [12] The international criticism led to increased cultural polarization within Cuba as the government viewed the reaction as a foreign conspiracy. [5]

Though Padilla was released from prison, he was still not allowed to leave the country until 1980.

Aftermath

He lived in New York, Washington, D.C. and Madrid, before finally settling in Princeton, NJ. Padilla was a Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Farrar Straus & Giroux published several editions of his poetry, a novel, En mi jardín pastan los héroes (translated as Heroes Are Grazing in My Garden), and a book of memoirs, La mala memoria (translated as Self-Portrait of the Other).

He was the Elena Amos Distinguished Scholar in Latin American Studies at Columbus State University, Columbus GA, 1999–2000. He died on 25 September 2000 while teaching at Auburn University in Alabama.

Personal life

After his first marriage to Bertha Hernandez with whom he had three children, Giselle Padilla, Maria Padilla and Carlos Padilla, he married poet Belkis Cuza Malé with whom he had his younger son Ernesto Padilla. His marriage to Belkis Cuza Male ended in divorced. Survivors include; three children from his first marriage and a son from his second marriage.

Works

Poetry

  • Las rosas audaces, 1949
  • El justo tiempo humano, 1962
  • La hora, Cuadernos de Poesía 10 (Sets of Poems 10), La Tertulia, La Habana, 1964
  • Fuera del juego, 1968
  • Provocaciones, 1973
  • Poesía y política - Poetry and Politics, bilingual anthology, Playor, Madrid, Georgetown University Cuban series, 1974
  • El hombre junto al mar, Seix Barral, Barcelona, 1981
  • Un puente, una casa de piedra, 1998
  • Puerta de Golpe, anthology created by Belkis Cuza Malé, Linden Lane Press, 2013
  • Una época para hablar, anthology that contains all of Padilla's poetry, Luminarias / Letras Cubanas, 2013

Narratives

  • El buscavidas, novel, 1963
  • En mi jardín pastan los héroes, novel, Editorial Argos Vergara, Barcelona, 1981
  • La mala memoria, memoir, Plaza & Janés, Barcelona, 1989 (Eng. translation: Self-portrait of the other 1989)
  • Prohibido el gato, political novel written in 1989

References

  1. ^ a b c Caistor, Nick (14 October 2000). "Heberto Padilla". The Guardian. London.
  2. ^ Celestine Bohlen (28 September 2000). "Heberto Padilla, 68, Cuban Poet, Is Dead". The New York Times. p. C 27. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Hanson, Jack (2023-07-05). "The Miseducation of Mario Vargas Llosa". The Nation. ISSN  0027-8378. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  4. ^ Echevarría, Roberto González. "Heberto Padilla". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Wilkinson, Stephen (2006). Detective Fiction in Cuban Society and Culture. pp. 72–76. ISBN  9783039106981.
  6. ^ a b c d e Revolutionary change in Cuba. Mesa-Lago, Carmelo, 1934-, University of Pittsburgh. [Pittsburgh, Pa.]: University of Pittsburgh Press. 1971. ISBN  9780822932321. OCLC  179543.{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: others ( link)
  7. ^ a b YVON., GRENIER (2017). CULTURE AND THE CUBAN STATE participation, recognition, and dissonance under communism. [S.l.]: LEXINGTON BOOKS. ISBN  9781498522236. OCLC  1005596839.
  8. ^ a b c Quesada, Luis M. (1975). ""Fuera del juego": A Poet's Appraisal of the Cuban Revolution". Latin American Literary Review. 3 (6): 89–98. JSTOR  20118967.
  9. ^ Heberto., Padilla (1998). Fuera del juego (Ed. conmemorativa, 1968-1998; 1. ed. conmemorativa ed.). Miami, Fla.: Ediciones Universal. ISBN  9780897298810. OCLC  40471354.
  10. ^ ""Cuba, ¡qué linda es Cuba!": Carlos Monsiváis, las izquierdas mexicanas y la Revolución cubana". Revista Común (in Spanish). 2023-02-21. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  11. ^ Yglesias, Jose (1971-06-03). "The Case of Heberto Padilla". The New York Review of Books. ISSN  0028-7504. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
  12. ^ Male, Belkis (2008). "The Arrest of Heberto Padilla and Belkis Cuza Malé". Words without borders. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
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