Test for determining the effectiveness hearing protection devices
Hearing protector fit-testing measures the degree of noise reduction obtained from an individual wearing a particular
hearing protection device (HPD) - for example, an
earplug or
earmuff. Such measurements are necessary because noise attenuation varies across individuals (and sometimes can be close to zero) due to anatomical differences and inadequate training as to the proper wear and use.[2] Labeled
HPD attenuation values (for example, the Noise Reduction Rating, or NRR) are average values that cannot predict noise attenuation for an individual; in addition, they are based on laboratory measurements which may overestimate the noise reduction obtained in the real world.[3]
Hearing protection devices such as
earplugs or
earmuffs must be worn correctly for the wearer to be protected from noise.[4] Correct use of hearing protection includes:
Choosing the most appropriate hearing protection device, both with appropriate level of attenuation and appropriate fit for the individual.[5] Ideally, the device should limit the sound intensity that reaches the ear to levels below 85
dBA. If the attenuation does not limit the noise levels to that level, other alternatives should be sought. If the attenuation is greater than that, it can also interfere with the HPD use by making it difficult to hear important sounds.[6]
Wearing or inserting the hearing protection device correctly so it seals the wearer's
ear canal, using the "roll-pull-hold" method for foam earplugs, and ensuring earmuffs create an unbroken seal around each ear.[7]
Fit-testing hearing protection can facilitate an appropriate choice of hearing protection, and allow for the professional administering the fit-test to train users on proper techniques for wear.[8][9][10][11][12][13]
Requirements and Recommendations for HPD Fit Testing
Effective March 31, 2023, the
Alberta Government added a requirement that employers fit test each employee who wears HPDs.[16] A trend towards recommending HPD fit-testing as a best practice is emerging in the European Union and the USA.[17][18]
Fit-testing methods
Fit testing is typically carried out using one of the available fit-testing hardware and software systems (also known as field attenuation estimation system (FAES).[19] Although all fit-testing systems measure the amount of sound reduction provided by hearing protection devices, different systems use different approaches to making this measurement.
The different methods[20] used to measure the attenuation provided by HPDs are as follows:
Real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT)
REAT is the most commonly used type of fit-testing technology used in commercial systems. REAT systems are modeled on the "gold-standard" approach to measuring hearing protector attenuation as defined in acoustic standards such as
ANSI/
ASA S12.6 and the
ISO 4869-1. This approach measures the difference in auditory (hearing) thresholds without hearing protection (unoccluded) and with hearing protection (occluded). Differences in occluded and unoccluded thresholds across one or more test frequencies are used to calculate the noise reduction. REAT systems rely on the subjective response of the person being tested to determine auditory thresholds much like a hearing test where the subject indicates when sound is heard at various frequencies.
According to the acoustic standards, REAT testing of hearing protection devices must be tested in an acoustic chamber with a diffuse sound field. Because such chambers are not mobile, portable fit-testing systems employing sound-isolating headphones have been developed to test earplugs.[22] For noncritical screening, REAT can be performed using a web browser and simple audio devices.[23]
Loudness balance
This method first has the subject listen to tones with headphones and "match"
loudness between both ears until tones sound equally loud on both sides. Then an earplug is placed in one ear while the baseline procedure is repeated to match loudness in both ears. The increase in loudness required to balance represents the attenuation achieved in that ear. The second earplug is then placed in the other ear and the procedure is repeated a third time. The required increase in loudness this time represents the noise reduction achieved in the second ear. The loudness balance fit-testing approach provides individual personal attenuation ratings for each ear.[24]
Microphone-in-real-ear (MIRE)
Also referred to as F-MIRE (field microphone in real ear). This method measures attenuation by placing a small microphone inside the ear canal while hearing protection is worn.
Sound pressure levels (SPL) are measured inside and outside of the ear simultaneously and used to calculate a PAR.[24]
Fit test results
The effectiveness is typically measured as a personal attenuation rating (PAR) which is subtracted from the known
noise exposure to estimate the total noise exposure a single person has when wearing the tested
hearing protection device (HPD).[8][25]
The outcome measure generated by hearing protector fit-test systems varies from a simple pass/fail to a quantitative personal attenuation rating (PAR). and can be interpreted differently to determine the effectiveness of hearing protection or calculate total noise exposure.[22]
Personal attenuation rating (PAR)
Similar to a noise reduction rating (NRR) required on hearing protection devices in the United States, a personal attenuation rating (PAR) is obtained from an attenuation measurement at one or more than one frequency. The effectiveness is typically measured as a personal attenuation rating (PAR) which is subtracted from the known
noise exposure to estimate the total noise exposure a single person has when wearing the tested
hearing protection device (HPD).[8][25] However, the PAR is regarded as more accurate than the NRR because it is calculated per individual and per hearing protection device, while NRR is a generalized estimate of potential sound reduction based on the protection provided to a small population of people.
[1] Therefore, PAR gives the evaluator an estimate of the total noise exposure an individual is receiving when wearing hearing protection.
PAR is subtracted from the known
noise exposure to estimate the total protected noise exposure a single person has when wearing the tested HPD.[8][25] The method for estimating protected noise exposure based on the measured PAR may vary slightly across fit-test systems, so it is important to understand to use the PAR generated by a given fit test system[22]
Use of Fit-testing as a training tool
Evidence shows that including fit-testing as a part of employee training for correct hearing protection device use increases the user's ability to properly fit the device, and that this ability is often retained on follow-up.[9][26][13][27] Fit testing provides the individual with immediate feedback regarding the noise reduction achieved, which helps them understand how the device should feel when it is properly fit. Investments in fit testing and training have been shown to be effective at reducing the rates of standard threshold shifts in industry.[27]
^Svensson EB, Morata TC, Nylén P, Krieg EF, Johnson AC (2004-11-11). "Beliefs and attitudes among Swedish workers regarding the risk of hearing loss". International Journal of Audiology. 43 (10): 585–93.
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^Smith PS, Monaco BA, Lusk SL (December 2014). "Attitudes toward use of hearing protection devices and effects of an intervention on fit-testing results". Workplace Health & Safety. 62 (12): 491–9.
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abGong W, Liu X, Liu Y, Li L (May 2019). "Evaluating the effect of training along with fit testing on foam earplug users in four factories in China". International Journal of Audiology. 58 (5): 269–277.
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10.1080/14992027.2018.1563307.
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^OSHA (July 6, 2022).
"OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) Section III: Chapter 5. Noise". www.osha.gov. US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 18 January 2023. ... has recommended HPD fit-testing as a best practice and valuable training tool that can help in training the worker to achieve an optimal fit
^"Change highlights: Noise exposure – Part 16 in the OHS Code". ohs-pubstore.labour.alberta.ca/. Alberta (Canada): Government of Alberta. December 2022. p. 3. Retrieved 11 February 2023. A new requirement has been added for employers to ensure workers are fit tested for the hearing protection devices they use and wear. ... This change is intended to prevent noise induced hearing loss. The effectiveness of hearing protection is greatly reduced if the equipment does not fit correctly or is not inserted or worn correctly.
^Technical Committee CEN/TC 159 “Hearing protectors” (17 November 2021). EN 17479-2021. Hearing protectors - Guidance on selection of individual fit testing methods. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization. p. 46.
ISBN978-0-539-04746-2.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)link
^Voix, Jérémie; Smith, Pegeen; Berger, Elliott H. (2018). "Chapter 12: Field Fit-Testing and Attenuation-Estimation Procedures". In D.K. Meinke; E.H. Berger; R. Neitzel; D.P. Driscoll; K. Bright (eds.).
The Noise Manual (6th ed.). Falls Church, Virginia: American Industrial Hygiene Association. pp. 309–329. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^Kwitowski, August J.; Carilli, Angela M.; Randolph, Robert F. (September 2010).
"MultiFit4: An Improved System for Insert-Type". Spectrum. 27 (2). National Hearing Conservation Association: 17–25. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
^
abcTrompette N, Kusy A, Ducourneau J (2015-04-01). "Suitability of commercial systems for earplug individual fit testing". Applied Acoustics. 90: 88–94.
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