Haplogroup D-M55 (M64.1/Page44.1) also known as Haplogroup D1a2a is a
Y-chromosomehaplogroup. It is one of two branches of Haplogroup D1a. The other is
D1a1, which is found with high frequency in
Tibetans and other
Tibeto-Burmese populations and geographical close groups. D is also distributed with low to medium frequency in
Central Asia,
East Asia, and
Mainland Southeast Asia.
Haplogroup D-M55 is found in about 33%[4][5][6][7][8] of present-day
Japanese males. It has been found in fourteen of a sample of sixteen or 87.5% of a sample of
Ainu males in one study published in 2004[9] and in three of a sample of four or 75% of a sample of Ainu males in another study published in 2005 in which some individuals from the 2004 study may have been retested.[5] It is currently the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in Japan if O1-F265 and O2-M122 (TMRCA approx. 30,000 ~ 35,000 ybp) are considered as separate haplogroups. Haplogroup D-M55 may have been born in Japan at any time between its MRCA with D-Y34637 (found in present-day
Onge and
Jarawas) about 45,000 years ago and the MRCA of all extant branches of D-M55 about 21,000 years ago.
In 2017 it was confirmed that the Japanese branch of haplogroup D-M55 is distinct and isolated from other branches of haplogroup D since about 50,000 years ago. The split in D1a may have occurred near the
Tibetan Plateau.[10]
History
Among the subgroups of Haplogroup D, the ancestor of D-M55 went eastward to reach the Japanese archipelago.[11] According to Michael F. Hammer of
the University of Arizona, haplogroup D originated near the Tibetan Plateau and migrated into Japan were it eventually became D-M55.[12]Mitsuru Sakitani said that Haplogroup D1 came from Tibet to northern
Kyushu via the
Altai Mountains and the
Korean Peninsula more than, and Haplogroup D-M55 (D1a2a) was born in the Japanese archipelago.[11]
Recent studies suggest that D-M55 became dominant during the late Jōmon period, shortly before the arrival of the Yayoi, suggesting a population boom and bust.[13]
Frequency
The average frequency in Japanese is about 33%.[4][5][7][8] High frequencies are found in various places in Japan, especially in Hokkaidō, eastern Honshū, southern Kyūshū, and
Okinawa.
The analysis of an Jōmon sample (Ikawazu) and an ancient sample from the Tibetan Plateau (Chokhopani, Ch) found only partially shared ancestry, suggesting a positive genetic bottleneck regarding the spread of haplogroup D from an ancient population related to the Tibetan Chokhopani sample (and modern
Tibeto-Burmese groups).[22]
^Mondal, Mayukh & Bergström, Anders & Xue, Yali & Calafell, Francesc & Laayouni, Hafid & Casals, Ferran & Majumder, Partha & Tyler-Smith, Chris & Bertranpetit, Jaume. (2017). Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese. Human Genetics. 136. 10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0.
^
abcdefghHirofumi Nohara, Ikuko Maeda, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Taketo Uchiyama, Hiroko Hirashima, Masahito Nakata, Rika Ohno, Tetsuro Hasegawa, and Kenshi Shimizu (2021), "Geographic distribution of Y-STR haplotypes and Y-haplogroups among Miyazaki Prefecture residents." Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 1, p. 17-27.
https://doi.org/10.3408/jafst.778
^Y Seo, Y Takami, T Nakayama, and K Takahama, "Y chromosome DNA polymorphisms and their haplotypes in a Japanese population." Leg Med (Tokyo) 1999 Sep;1(3):145-9. doi: 10.1016/s1344-6223(99)80027-3.
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91.
doi:
10.1002/humu.22468.
PMID24166809.
S2CID23291764.
^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.;
YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and;
PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.