Minerals with a dominant fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide anion
Halide minerals are those
minerals with a dominant
halide
anion (F− , Cl− , Br− and I− ). Complex halide minerals may also have
polyatomic anions .
[1]
Halite
Fluorite structure
Examples include the following:
[2]
[3]
Many of these minerals are water-soluble and are often found in arid areas in crusts and other deposits as are various borates, nitrates, iodates, bromates and the like. Others, such as the
fluorite group, are not water-soluble. As a collective whole, simple halide minerals (containing fluorine through iodine, alkali metals, alkaline Earth metals, in addition to other metals/cations) occur abundantly at the surface of the Earth in a variety of geologic settings. More complex minerals as shown below are also found.
[6]
Commercially significant halide minerals
Two commercially important halide minerals are halite and fluorite. The former is a major source of sodium chloride, in parallel with sodium chloride extracted from sea water or brine wells. Fluorite is a major source of
hydrogen fluoride , complementing the supply obtained as a byproduct of the production of fertilizer. Carnallite and bischofite are important sources of magnesium. Natural cryolite was historically required for the production of
aluminium , however, currently most cryolite used is produced synthetically.
Many of the halide minerals occur in marine
evaporite deposits.
[6] Other geologic occurrences include arid environments such as
deserts .
[6] The
Atacama Desert has large quantities of halide minerals as well as chlorates, iodates, oxyhalides, nitrates, borates and other water-soluble minerals. Not only do those minerals occur in subsurface geologic deposits, they also form crusts on the Earth's surface due to the low rainfall (the Atacama is the world's driest desert as well as one of the oldest at 25 million years of age).
Nickel–Strunz Classification -03- Halides
IMA -CNMNC proposes a new hierarchical scheme (Mills et al., 2009). This list uses the
Classification of Nickel–Strunz (
mindat.org , 10 ed, pending publication).
Abbreviations
REE :
rare-earth element (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)
PGE :
platinum-group element (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
* : discredited (IMA/CNMNC status)
? : questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC status)
Regarding 03.C Aluminofluorides,
06 Borates ,
08 Vanadates (04.H V[5,6] Vanadates),
09 Silicates :
neso- : insular (from
Greek
νῆσος nêsos , "island")
soro- : grouped (from
Greek
σωρός sōrós , "heap, pile, mound")
cyclo- : ringed (from
Greek
κύκλος kúklos , "circle")
ino- : chained (from
Greek
ίνα ína , "fibre", [from Ancient Greek
ἴς ])
phyllo- : sheeted (from
Greek
φῠ́λλον phúllon , "leaf")
tecto- : of three-dimensional framework (from
Greek
τεκτον
ικός tektōnikós , "of building")
Nickel–Strunz code scheme: NN.XY.##x
NN : Nickel–Strunz mineral class number
X : Nickel–Strunz mineral division letter
Y : Nickel–Strunz mineral family letter
##x : Nickel–Strunz mineral/group number; x an add-on letter
Class: halides
Halide specimens at Museum of Geology, South Dakota
03.A Simple halides, without H2 O
03.AA M:X = 1:1, 2:3, 3:5, etc.:
Panichiite ; 05
Nantokite , 05
Marshite , 05
Miersite ; 10
Iodargyrite , 10
Tocornalite ; 15
Bromargyrite , 15
Embolite *, 15
Chlorargyrite ; 20
Carobbiite , 20
Griceite , 20
Halite , 20
Sylvite , 20
Villiaumite ; 25
Sal ammoniac , 25
Lafossaite ; 30
Calomel , 30
Kuzminite , 30
Moschelite ; 35
Neighborite ; 40
Chlorocalcite , 45
Kolarite , 50
Radhakrishnaite ; 55
Hephaistosite , 55
Challacolloite
03.AB M:X = 1:2: 05
Tolbachite , 10
Coccinite , 15
Sellaite ; 20
Chloromagnesite *, 20
Lawrencite , 20
Scacchite ; 25
Frankdicksonite , 25
Fluorite ; 30
Tveitite-(Y) ; 35
Gagarinite-(Y) ; 35
Zajacite-(Ce)
03.AC M:X = 1:3: 05
Zharchikhite , 10
Molysite ; 15
Fluocerite -(Ce), 15 Fluocerite-(La), 20
Gananite
03.B Simple Halides, with H2 O
03.BA M:X = 1:1 and 2:3: 05
Hydrohalite , 10
Carnallite
03.BB M:X = 1:2: 05
Eriochalcite , 10
Rokuhnite , 15
Bischofite , 20
Nickelbischofite , 25
Sinjarite , 30
Antarcticite , 35
Tachyhydrite
03.BC M:X = 1:3: 05
Chloraluminite
03.BD Simple Halides with H2 O and additional OH: 05
Cadwaladerite , 10
Lesukite , 15
Korshunovskite , 20
Nepskoeite , 25
Koenenite
03.C Complex Halides
03.C:
Steropesite , IMA2008-032, IMA2008-039
03.CA Borofluorides: 05
Ferruccite ; 10
Avogadrite , 10
Barberiite
03.CB Neso-aluminofluorides: 05
Cryolithionite ; 15
Cryolite , 15
Elpasolite , 15
Simmonsite ; 20
Colquiriite , 25
Weberite , 30
Karasugite , 35
Usovite ; 40
Pachnolite , 40
Thomsenolite ; 45
Carlhintzeite , 50
Yaroslavite
03.CC Soro-aluminofluorides: 05
Gearksutite ; 10
Acuminite , 10
Tikhonenkovite ; 15
Artroeite ; 20
Calcjarlite , 20
Jarlite , 20
Jorgensenite
03.CD Ino-aluminofluorides: 05
Rosenbergite , 10
Prosopite
03.CE Phyllo-aluminofluorides: 05
Chiolite
03.CF Tekto-aluminofluorides: 05
Ralstonite , 10
Boldyrevite ?, 15
Bogvadite
03.CG Aluminofluorides with CO3 , SO4 , PO4 : 05
Stenonite ; 10
Chukhrovite -(Nd), 10 Chukhrovite-(Ce), 10 Chukhrovite-(Y), 10
Meniaylovite ; 15
Creedite , 20
Boggildite , 25
Thermessaite
03.CH: 05
Malladrite , 10
Bararite ; 15
Cryptohalite , 15
Hieratite ; 20
Demartinite , 25
Knasibfite
03.CJ With MX6 complexes; M = Fe, Mn, Cu: 05
Chlormanganokalite , 05
Rinneite ; 10
Erythrosiderite , 10
Kremersite ; 15
Mitscherlichite , 20
Douglasite , 30
Zirklerite
03.D Oxyhalides, Hydroxyhalides and Related Double Halides
03.DA With Cu, etc., without Pb: 05
Melanothallite ; 10a
Atacamite , 10a
Kempite , 10a
Hibbingite , 10b
Botallackite , 10b
Clinoatacamite , 10b
Belloite , 10c
Gillardite , 10c
Kapellasite , 10c
Haydeeite , 10c
Paratacamite , 10c
Herbertsmithite ; 15
Claringbullite , 20
Simonkolleite ; 25
Buttgenbachite , 25
Connellite ; 30
Abhurite , 35
Ponomarevite ; 40
Calumetite , 40
Anthonyite ; 45
Khaidarkanite , 50
Bobkingite , 55
Avdoninite , 60
Droninoite
03.DB With Pb, Cu, etc.: 05
Diaboleite , 10
Pseudoboleite , 15
Boleite , 20
Cumengite , 25
Bideauxite , 30
Chloroxiphite , 35
Hematophanite ; 40
Asisite , 40
Parkinsonite ; 45
Murdochite , 50
Yedlinite
03.DC With Pb (As, Sb, Bi), without Cu: 05
Laurionite , 05
Paralaurionite ; 10
Fiedlerite , 15
Penfieldite , 20
Laurelite ; 25
Zhangpeishanite , 25
Matlockite , 25
Rorisite , 25
Daubreeite , 25
Bismoclite , 25
Zavaritskite ; 30
Nadorite , 30
Perite ; 35
Aravaipaite , 37
Calcioaravaipaite , 40
Thorikosite , 45
Mereheadite , 50
Blixite , 55
Pinalite , 60
Symesite ; 65
Ecdemite , 65
Heliophyllite ; 70
Mendipite , 75
Damaraite , 80
Onoratoite , 85
Cotunnite , 90
Pseudocotunnite , 95
Barstowite
03.DD With Hg: 05
Eglestonite , 05
Kadyrelite ; 10
Poyarkovite , 15
Hanawaltite , 20
Terlinguaite , 25
Pinchite ; 30
Mosesite , 30
Gianellaite ; 35
Kleinite , 40
Tedhadleyite , 45
Vasilyevite , 50
Aurivilliusite , 55
Terlinguacreekite , 60
Kelyanite , 65
Comancheite
03.DE With Rare-Earth Elements: 05
Haleniusite-(La)
03.X Unclassified Strunz Halogenides
References
^
http://webmineral.com/strunz/strunz.php?class=03 Webmineral Halide Class.
^ Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius Hurlbut, Jr., Manual of Mineralogy , Wiley, 20th ed., 1985, pp. 320–325,
ISBN
0-471-80580-7 .
^ Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C., Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume III: Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides , 1997, Mineral Data Publishing: Tucson.
^
Handbook of Mineralogy - Bararite
Archived 2016-04-01 at the
Wayback Machine .
^
Handbook of Mineralogy - Cryptohalite
Archived 2021-12-02 at the
Wayback Machine .
^
a
b
c Sorrel, Charles A., Rocks & Minerals (originally Minerals of the World ), Chapter "Halides", pp. 118–127, 1973, St Martin's Press: NYC · Racine, WI,
ISBN
1-58238-124-0 .
External links
"Special cases" ("native elements and organic minerals") "Sulfides and oxides"
Sulfides (IDs 2.A–F)
Sulfosalts ; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites (IDs 2.G)
Sulfosalts; sulfarsenates, sulfantimonates (IDs 2.K)
Other sulfosalts (IDs 2.H–J and 2.L–M)
Tellurium oxysalts
Vanadium oxides (IDs 4.H)
"Evaporites and similars" "Mineral structures with tetrahedral units" (sulfate anion, phosphate anion, silicon, etc.)
Monomeric minerals (similar to nesosilicates)
Sulfates (VI) (IDs 7.A–E)
Thiosulphates (IDs 7.J)
Silicate frameworks, tectosilicates
Other tectosilicates (IDs 9.FA. and 9.FB.15, e.g.
feldspars )
Other silicate frameworks
Ribbon or multiple chain inosilicates (IDs 9.D, e.g.
amphiboles )
Other non monomeric minerals
Unclassified silicates (IDs 9.H)