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Phylum of eukaryotic organisms
Gyrista is a phylum of
heterokont
protists containing three diverse groups: the mostly
photosynthetic
Ochrophyta , the parasitic
Pseudofungi , and the recently described group of nanoflagellates known as
Bigyromonada .
[2] Members of this phylum are characterized by the presence of a helix or a double helix/ring system in the
ciliary transition region .
[1]
Systematics
Taxonomic history
Gyrista was first described in 1998 by
protistologist
Thomas Cavalier-Smith in his work A revised six-kingdom system of life , originally as a
superphylum containing two
phyla :
Ochrophyta , the
heterokont
algae ; and
Bigyra , which then contained the
pseudofungi and
bigyromonads together with the
opalines .
[1] Later, the name Bigyra was modified to contain opalines,
bicosoecids and
labyrinthulomycetes , while the Ochrophyta, Pseudofungi and Bigyromonada remained as groups within Gyrista.
[2]
Molecular phylogenetics
Gyrista was seen in 2017 as the sister group to phylum
Bigyra , which contains the
Sagenista and
Opalozoa . Together, Gyrista and Bigyra form the superphylum
Stramenopiles or
Heterokonta .
[2]
[4]
A phylogenetic analysis in 2022 recovered a
monophyletic
Bigyromonada sister to
Pseudofungi . The "Bigyra" is
paraphyletic :
[5]
Classification
The 2018 revised taxonomy of Gyrista is the following,
[2] with the inclusion of new
ochrophyte classes described in 2020
[6] and 2021:
[7]
Subphylum
Bigyromonada Cavalier-Smith 1998
Class
Developea Aleoshin et al. ex Cavalier-Smith 2017 [=Bigyromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1997
Class
Pirsonea Cavalier-Smith 2017
[2]
Subphylum
Pseudofungi Cavalier-Smith 1986 [=Heterokontimycotina M.W. Dick 1976 ]
Class
Hyphochytrea Cavalier-Smith 1986 [=Hyphochytriomycota Whittaker 1969
Class
Oomycetes Winter in Rabenhorst 1879 [=Oomycota Arx 1967 ; Peronosporomycetes M.W. Dick 2001
Subphylum
Ochrophytina Cavalier-Smith 1995 [=Heterokontophyta van den Hoek et al. 1978 ; Stramenochromes Leipe et al. 1994 ]
Infraphylum
Chrysista Cavalier-Smith 1991
Superclass
Limnistia Cavalier-Smith 1996 emend. 2006
Superclass
Raphidoistia Cavalier-Smith 1986 orth. mut. 2006
Superclass
Fucistia Cavalier-Smith 1995
Infraphylum
Diatomista Derelle et al. ex Cavalier-Smith 2017
Superclass
Hypogyrista Cavalier-Smith 1995 stat. nov. 2006
Superclass
Khakista Cavalier-Smith 2000 stat. nov. 2017
Ochrophytina incertae sedis
Notes
References
^
a
b
c Cavalier-Smith T (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc . 73 (3): 203–266.
doi :
10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x .
PMID
9809012 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017).
"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences" . Protoplasma . 255 (1): 297–357.
doi :
10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3 .
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^ Sina M. Adl; David Bass; Christopher E. Lane; et al. (1 January 2019).
"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes" .
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doi :
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ISSN
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PMC
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PMID
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Wikidata
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^ Derelle R, López-García P, Timpano H, Moreira D (November 2016).
"A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)" . Mol Biol Evol . 33 (11): 2890–2898.
doi :
10.1093/molbev/msw168 .
PMC
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PMID
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^ Cho A, Tikhonenkov DV, Hehenberger E, Karnkowska A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ (2022).
"Monophyly of diverse Bigyromonadea and their impact on phylogenomic relationships within stramenopiles" (PDF) . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 171 (107468): 107468.
doi :
10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107468 .
ISSN
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PMID
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^
a
b Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020).
"Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade" . Protist . 171 (6): 125781.
doi :
10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781 .
PMID
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S2CID
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^
a
b
c Dovilė Barcytė; Wenche Eikrem; Anette Engesmo; Sergio Seoane; Jens Wohlmann; Aleš Horák; Tatiana Yurchenko; Marek Eliáš (2 March 2021).
"Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta" . Journal of Phycology . 57 (4): 1094–1118.
Bibcode :
2021JPcgy..57.1094B .
doi :
10.1111/jpy.13155 .
hdl :
10852/86515 .
PMID
33655496 .
^ Kai A, Yoshii Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I (2008).
"Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a New Class of Heterokontophyta Based on a New Marine Unicellular Alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. Inhabiting Sandy Beaches" . Protist . 159 (3): 435–457.
doi :
10.1016/j.protis.2007.12.003 .
ISSN
1434-4610 .
PMID
18358776 .
^
a
b Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina , a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology . 49 (3): 328–353.
doi :
10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002 .
PMID
23219323 .
^
a
b Silberfeld T, Rousseau F, de Reviers B (2014).
"An Updated Classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)" . Cryptogamie, Algologie . 35 (2): 117–156.
doi :
10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117 .
S2CID
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^ Hibberd DJ (February 1981).
"Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae)" . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 82 (2): 93–119.
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