The Guaymas Basin is the largest marginal
riftbasin located in the
Gulf of California. It made up of the northern and southern
trough[1] and is linked to the
Guaymas Fault to the north and the
Carmen Fault to the south. The mid-ocean ridge system is responsible for the creation of the Guaymas Basin and giving it many features such as
hydrothermal circulation and
hydrocarbon seeps.[2][3] Hydrothermal circulation is a significant process in the Guaymas Basin because it recycles energy and nutrients which are instrumental in sustaining the basin's rich ecosystem.[4] Additionally, hydrocarbons and other organic matter are needed to feed a variety of organisms, many of which have adapted to tolerate the basin's high temperatures.[5][6][7]
Formation
The formation and characteristics of the Guaymas basin are caused by its location on a mid-ocean ridge system, or a range of underwater volcanoes which occur along
divergent plate boundaries.[2]As tectonic plates spread apart,
magma flows and hardens on the sea floor, creating a new
igneous crust.[8] Meanwhile, sediments from the ocean rapidly deposit on top of the crust, building a thick sill cover.[8] The magma spurs
hydrothermal flow which creates thermal and chemical gradients.[8] These gradients lead to dynamic
biogeochemical environments, which include features such as high heat flow,[9]hydrothermalplumes,[10] and hydrocarbon seeps,[3] that contribute to the type of ecosystem which thrives in the Guaymas basin.[8]
Hydrothermal Circulation
Hydrothermal circulation, or the circulation of hot water, is a predominant feature of the Guaymas Basin. Hydrothermalism is mainly observed in the southern trough of the basin where
hydrothermal vents make up a hydrothermal complex on the seafloor by creating mounds, chimney structures, and sediments.[7] Hydrothermal circulation happens when water flows downward through broken ocean crust along the volcanic
mid-ocean ridge system. After being heated, the water chemically reacts with the host sill. The temperature of the water can rise above 400°C.[4] At this temperature, the water will rise quickly back to the seafloor due to its decrease in density. This circulation of water is crucial to the cycling of energy and nutrients between the ocean crust and the ocean.[4]