From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
When values of
birefingence are very high, the property is termed giant birefringence which more generically is called giant optical anisotropy . Values for giant birefringence exceed 0.3. Much bigger numbers (over 2.0) are termed "colossal birefringence". These are achieved using nanostructures.
[1]
Some oxides, for example
borate or
iodate can have high birefringence. Also compounds containing C=O bonds have higher levels. These include
oxalates ,
squarates and
cyanurates . One trade-off is with
band gap . If the band gap is small, then the material is not transparent to visible light, but can be transparent for infrared.
Chalgogenides may have high birefringence, but only in the infrared. Halide
perovskites such as CsPbBrx Cl3-x have fairly high birefringence that varies significantly in the optical spectrum.
[2]
Some transition metal oxyhalides: MoOCl4 , WOCl4 , have birefringence in the giant category and MoO2 Br2 , WOBr4 , NbOBr2 , and NbOI2 are predicted to have birefringence over 0.6 at 1065 nm.
[3]
List
substance
formula
birefringence
band gap eV
comment
reference
guanidinium hydrogen squarate
C(NH2 )3 (HC4 O4 )
0.313@546 nm
[4]
NbSe2 I2
0.313
[5]
LiBF2 C2 O4
0.317@546 nm
[6]
barium cyanurate
Ba3 (C3 N3 O3 )2
0.32@800 nm
[7]
pentazinc dicyanurate tetrahydroxide
Zn5 (OH)4 (C3 N3 O3 )2
0.32@400 nm
[8]
magnesium tetrazinc dicyanurate tetrahydroxide
MgZn4 (OH)4 (C3 N3 O3 )2
0.32@400 nm
[8]
pyridinium antimony oxalate difluoride hydrate
[C(NH2 )3 ]Sb(C2 O4 )F2 ·H2 O
0.323@546 nm
[9]
Cs2 Sb2 (C2 O4 )2 -F4 ·H2 O
0.325@546 nm
[10]
β-(C3 H7 N6 )2 Cl2 ·H2 O
0.33–0.38@550 nm
[11]
(C3 H7 N6 )F·H2 O
0.33–0.38@550 nm
[11]
scandium diiodate nitrate
Sc(IO3 )2 (NO3 )
0.348 at 546 nm
[12]
potassium indium tetra(iso-cyamelurate) octadecahydrate
K0.5 In0.5 (H2 C6 N7 O3 )2 ·9H2 O
0.35@1064 nm
4.05 eV
[13]
calcium squarate
CaC4 O4
0.35@1064
[14]
tristrontium dicyanurate
β-Sr3 (C3 N3 O3 )
0.35
[14]
cerium difluoride sulfate
CeF2 (SO4 )
0.361
[15]
Na4 Ba3 (S2 )4 S3
0.37 at 1064 nm
[16]
guanidinium hydrogen oxalate hydrate
[C(NH2 )3 ]HC2 O4 ·H2 O
0.371@532 nm
[17]
Cs2 Pb4 Br10
0.392 @ 550 nm
[18]
RbNH4 (H2 C3 N3 O3 )2 ·2H2 O
0.40 @ 1064 nm
5.24
[19]
dipotasium hydrogen trithiocyanate hemihydrate
K4 (HC3 N3 S3 )2 ·H2 O
0.402 @550 nm
[20]
K1.03 (NH4 )0.97 (I5 O12 )(IO3 )
0.405 @546 nm
[21]
LCHCY hydroisocyanurate
Li2 Ca(H2 C3 N3 O3 )4 ·6H2 O
0.407@800 nm
[22]
guanidinium dihydrogen cyanurate
C(NH2 )3 (H2 C3 N3 O3 )
0.419@400 nm
UV cutoff 238 nm
[23]
(NH4 )2 (I5 O12 )(IO3 )
0.431 @546 nm
[21]
tripotassium cyamelurate dihydrate
K3 C6 N7 O3 ·2H2 O
0.446@1064 nm
[24]
Al4 (P2 S6 )3
0.47 @ 2050 nm
[25]
sodium hydrogen squarate hydrate
NaHC4 O4 ·H2 O
0.52 at 1064 nm
[26]
HgB2 S4
0.52 at 1064 nm
[27]
tricaesium tricyanomelaminate hydrate
Cs3 C6 N9 •H2 O
0.52@550 nm
[28]
CrSbSe3
0.56 at 650 nm
[29]
Cs2 S6
0.58@1064 nm
[16]
trithiocyanurate
Cs2 Mg(H2 C3 N3 S3 )4 ·8H2 O
0.58@800 nm
UV cutoff 374 nm
[23]
ZrTe5
0.58 @ 942 nm
[30]
Ba2 HgTe5
0.643@2090 nm
1.28
[31]
mercury hexathiodiphosphate
Hg2 P2 S6
0.65@546 nm,
0.50 @ 1064 nm,
0.48 @2050 nm
[25]
Ba6 Sb6 O2 S13
0.66 at 2050 nm
black; thermal conductivity of 0.25 W m−1 K−1 at 700 K
[32]
Sn2 PO4 I
0.664@546 nm
[33]
Na2 BP2
0.68
[14]
hexagonal boron nitride
h-BN
0.7
[34]
BaTiSe3
0.7
[35]
BaTiS3
0.76
[35]
[36]
vanadium dioxide
VO2
>0.9
in thin film
[37]
sodium rhodizonate
Na2 C6 O6
1.35@2500
1.6
brown
[14]
molybdenum ditelluride
MoTe2
1.54 mid IR
[38]
tungsten disulfide
WS2
1.95
refractive indexes 4.96, 3.01
[39]
Sr9/8 TiS3
2.1 in mid IR
ne = 4.5 no = 2.4
[40]
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