Gadsup_language References

Gadsup
Gadsup
Native to	Papua New Guinea
Region	Eastern Highlands Province
Ethnicity	Gadsup
Native speakers	(25,000 cited 1996 – 2000 census)
Language family	Trans–New Guinea Kainantu–Goroka Kainantu Gauwa Gadsup; ; ; ;
Dialects	Oyana, Akuna, Ontenu;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	gaj – inclusive code; Individual code:; ont – Ontenu village
Glottolog	gads1258

Gadsup is a Kainantu language spoken by the people of the same name in Papua New Guinea.

Phonology

Ontena Gadsup's consonants^[3]^[4]
	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Group 1	ɸ, β	s, ɾ	x
Group 2	m	n	j	ʔ

/ɸ, β, s, ɾ, x/ become plosives [p, b, t, d, k] when preceded by /N, ʔ/, but initially and medially they are [/ɸ, β, s, ɾ, x, ɾ].^[3]

Akuna Gadsup's consonants^[3]
	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Group 1	p	t, d	k
Group 2	m, β	n	j	ʔ

The phonology of Akuna Gadsup is similar to Ontena Gadsup, except voiceless plosives don't lenite initially, but they do medially.^[3]

^[4]	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e	ɐ	o
Low		a

/ɐ/ can also be heard as [ʌ̈].^[5]

^ Gadsup at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Ontenu village at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ulfsbjorninn, Shanti; Lahrouchi, Mohamed (2016). "The typology of the distribution of Edge: The propensity for bipositionality". Papers in Historical Phonology. 1: 109. doi: 10.2218/pihph.1.2016.1696.
^ ^a ^b "Organised Phonology Data: Gadsup (Ontena dialect) Language [GAJ], Eastern Highlands Province" (PDF). www.sil.org. 2004-08-23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-08.
^ Frantz, Chester I.; Frantz, Marjorie E. (1971) [1966]. "Gadsup phoneme and toneme units". Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 5. Canberra: Australian National University. doi: 10.15144/PL-A7.1. ISBN 0-85883-012-4.