Stewart uses the concept to "virtuous circles" to express how development policies can target drivers of conflict like poverty, inequality, and inadequate social services.[2] Virtuous circles begin with conflict prevention, which leads to enhanced development, a more secure state, and thus further enhanced development.[2] Stewart notes that virtuous circles are fragile and that if economic growth excludes sufficiently large population segments, resulting horizontal inequality may break the virtuous circle and trigger conflict.[2]
Stewart, Frances;
Jolly, Richard;
Cornia, Giovanni A. (1987). Adjustment with a human face: protecting the vulnerable and promoting growth (a study by UNICEF). Vol. 1. Oxford, Oxfordshire; New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press.
ISBN9780198286103.
Stewart, Frances;
Ranis, Gustav; Angeles-Reves, Edna (1990). Linkages in developing economies: a Philippine study. San Francisco, California: International Center for Economic Growth ICS Press distributor.
ISBN9781558150492.
Stewart, Frances;
Lall, Sanjaya; Wangwe, Samuel (1992). Alternative development strategies in subSaharan Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press.
ISBN9780312067380.
Stewart, Frances (1992). North-South and South-South: essays on international economics. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
ISBN9780333490884.
Stewart, Frances; FitzGerald, Valpy; and Associates (2001). War and underdevelopment: the economic and social consequences of conflict. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
ISBN9780199241866.
Stewart, Frances; FitzGerald, Valpy; and Associates (2001). War and underdevelopment: country experiences. Vol. 2. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
ISBN9780199241897.
Stewart, Frances; Saith, Ruhi; Harriss-White, Barbara (2007). Defining poverty in the developing world. Basingstoke, England; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN9780230516724.
Stewart, Frances (2008). Horizontal inequalities and conflict: understanding group violence in multiethnic societies (Foreword by Kofi Annan). Basingstoke, England; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN9780230245501.
Stewart, Frances;
Cornia, Giovanni A. (2014). Towards human development new approaches to macroeconomics and inequality. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
ISBN9780198706083.
Chapters in books
Stewart, Frances (1994), "Are adjustment policies in Africa consistent with long-run development needs?", in
Cornia, Giovanni A.; Helleiner, Gerald K. (eds.), From adjustment to development in Africa: conflict, controversy, convergence, consensus, New York, New York: St. Martin's Press,
ISBN9780333613627.
Stewart, Frances; Ranis, Gustav; Samman, Emma (2009), "Country patterns of behavior on broader dimensions of human development", in
Kanbur, Ravi;
Basu, Kaushik (eds.), Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen | Volume II: Society, institutions and development, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 119–138,
ISBN9780199239979.
Journal articles
Stewart, Frances (December 1991). "Are adjustment policies in Africa consistent with long-run development needs?". Development Policy Review. 9 (4): 413–436.
doi:
10.1111/j.1467-7679.1991.tb00196.x.
Stewart, Frances; Cornia, Giovanni A. (September–October 1993). "Two errors of targeting". Journal of International Development. 5 (5): 459–496.
doi:
10.1002/jid.3380050503.
Stewart, Frances; Saith, Ruhi; Laderchi, Caterina R. (2003). "Does it matter that we do not agree on the definition of poverty? A comparison of four approaches". Oxford Development Studies. 31 (3): 243–274.
CiteSeerX10.1.1.383.6390.
doi:
10.1080/1360081032000111698.
S2CID14792333.
Stewart, Frances (September 2011). "Inequality in political power: a fundamental (and overlooked) dimension of inequality". The European Journal of Development Research. 23 (4, special debate section: the politics of poverty and inequality): 541–545.
doi:
10.1057/ejdr.2011.23.
S2CID153662459.
Papers
Stewart, Frances (2003). Horizontal inequalities: a neglected dimension of development (working paper 1). Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK: Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, CRISE.
OCLC50161455.
Pdf version.
Further reading
Toye, John (2011), "Social wellbeing and conflict: themes from the work of Frances Stewart", in FitzGerald, Valpy; Heyer, Judith; Thorp, Rosemary (eds.), Overcoming the persistence of inequality and poverty, Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave,
ISBN9780230249707(link to pdf)
References
^
abcToye, John (2011), "Social wellbeing and conflict: themes from the work of Frances Stewart", in
FitzGerald, Valpy; Heyer, Judith; Thorp, Rosemary (eds.), Overcoming the persistence of inequality and poverty, Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave,
ISBN9780230249707