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Forks_of_the_Road_Market Latitude and Longitude:
31°33′21″N 91°23′03″W / 31.55577°N 91.38404°W / 31.55577; -91.38404
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Survey of Forks of the Road, August 1, 1856, by Thos. Kenny, Natchez City Surveyor (Mississippi Department of Archives and History Series 2051)

The Forks of the Road was a slave market in Natchez, Mississippi in the United States. The Forks of the Road market was located about a mile from downtown Natchez at the intersection of the ironically named Liberty Road and Washington Road, which has since been renamed to D'Evereux Drive in one direction and St. Catherine Street in the other. The market differed from many other slave sellers of the day by offering individuals on a first-come first-serve basis rather than selling them at auction, either singly or in lots. [1] At one time the Forks of the Road was the second-largest slave market in the United States, trailing only New Orleans. [2]

History

It was largely developed by John Armfield and Isaac Franklin, who in 1833 capitalized on the difference in slave prices in the middle Atlantic states of Virginia and Maryland and the deep south. Using their company, Franklin and Armfield, they purchased inexpensive slaves in the Middle Atlantic, and transported them to markets in New Orleans and Natchez for sale. Many of the slaves were transported overland from Tennessee via caravans which were known as coffles. During the winter months, many were transported by sea in extremely crowded quarters; this method was not effective in the summer as the overcrowded slaves were overcome by the heat and died.[ citation needed]

In 1833, in response to fears of contagion stoked by the 1833 cholera epidemic, several traders signed a public letter agreeing to move the slaves for sale in Natchez outside of the city limits. [3] According to an Alabama newspaper, the move was the consequence of Isaac Franklin dumping the bodies of several enslaved cholera victims (including a teenage girl and an eight-month-old baby, [4] who had been shipped south from Alexandria, Virginia) into a ravine or bayou near town. [5]

A visitor from New England to Natchez in 1834, the novelist J. H. Ingraham, reported that "elopements, sickness, deaths, and an expanding cotton belt created a continuous demand for slaves, and that Kentucky and Virginia marts supplied this demand. Ingraham observed that river boats landing in the ports of Natchez and New Orleans nearly always brought a cargo of slaves. During the year 1834, the New Englander estimated that more than 4,000 slaves passed through the 'crossroads' market one mile out of Natchez." [6] According to Frederic Bancroft in Slave-Trading in the Old South (1931), "The chief market, about 1834, was described as 'a cluster of rough wooden buildings, in the angle of two roads,' a mile from Natchez. There were also four or five other pens in the vicinity, 'where several hundred slaves of all ages, colors and conditions, of both sexes, were exposed for sale.' At that time, Natchez had a population of about 3,000, a majority of whom were colored; and about as many slaves as the entire white population of the little city were annually sold in or near it." [7]

William T. Martin, who had been a county lawyer nearby, and who became an in-house attorney for Franklin & Ballard, and still later a politician and Confederate general, told Bancroft around the turn of the century: "In some years there were three or four thousand slaves here. I think that I have seen as many as 600 or 800 in the market at one time. There were usually four or five large traders at Natchez every winter. Each had from fifty to several hundred negroes, and most of them received fresh lots during the season. They brought their large gangs late in the fall and sold them out by May. Then they went back for more. They built three large three-story buildings, where several hundred could be accommodated." [7]

Forks of the Road appears in Harriet Beecher Stowe's non-fiction polemical A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853), in a chapter on the ubiquity of family separation in the domestic slave trade, in which she disputes a Virginian's claim that it was rare to separate families, in the rare cases that slaves were sold to traders at all: [8]

We take up the Natchez (Mississippi) Courier of Nov. 20th, 1852, and there read: NEGROES. The undersigned would respectfully state to the public that he has leased the stand in the Forks of the Road, near Natchez, for a term of years, and that he intends to keep a large lot of NEGROES on land during the year. He will sell as low or lower than any other trader at this place or in New Orleans. He has just arrived from Virginia with a very likely lot of Field Men and Women; also, House Servants, three Cooks, and a Carpenter. Call and see. A fine Buggy Horse, a Saddle Horse, and a Carryall, on hand, and for sale. Thos. G. James. Where in the world did this lucky Mr. Thos. G. James get this likely Virginia "assortment"? [8]

The Forks-of-the-Road slave market was demolished in 1863 by U.S. Army troops who recycled the lumber into barracks for themselves and self-emancipated people known as " contraband." [9] In 2021 the site was made one of four sites comprising the Natchez National Historical Park. [10]

Sexton's records for Natchez show that in addition to the Forks of the Road there were a group of traders at Natchez Under the Hill. [11]

Traders

Negro marts labeled on an 1854 map of the Forks of the Road

List of traders known to sell to the Forks of the Road:

  • Robert B. Brashear [12]
  • Benjamin Eaton [13]
  • R. H. Elam [7]
  • Griffin & Pullum
  • John D. James, Thomas G. James, David D. James (brothers) [14] [9]
  • John O'Ferrall [9] - when selling out in 1857, he claimed the rental income from his slave depot was US$1,000 (equivalent to $32,700 in 2023) annually [15]
  • Woodroof & Hundley [13]
  • Matthews, Branton & Co. [16]
  • John T. Hatcher [17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Barnett, Jim (February 2003). "The Forks of the Road Slave Market at Natchez". Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  2. ^ Hawkins, Scott (February 27, 2020). "Celebrating Black History: Forks of Road tells story of second largest slave market in the South". Natchez Democrat. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  3. ^ "The Public Meeting". Mississippi Free Trader. April 26, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  4. ^ "Outrage". The Philadelphia Inquirer. May 17, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  5. ^ "Excitement at Natches". The Democrat. May 16, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  6. ^ "A history of Kentucky / by Thomas D. Clark". HathiTrust. p. 195. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  7. ^ a b c Bancroft, Frederic (2023) [1931, 1996]. Slave Trading in the Old South (Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore). Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 301, 304. ISBN  978-1-64336-427-8. LCCN  95020493. OCLC  1153619151.
  8. ^ a b Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1853). A key to Uncle Tom's cabin: presenting the original facts and documents upon which the story is founded. Boston: J. P. Jewett & Co. p. 337. LCCN  02004230. OCLC  317690900. OL  21879838M.
  9. ^ a b c n.a. (June 20, 2022). "An Account of the Destruction of the Forks of the Road Slave Market". The Archaeological Conservancy. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  10. ^ Mendoza, Brishette (July 3, 2021). "How a Slave Market Became a National Park Service Site". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-07-03. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  11. ^ http://www.natchezbelle.org/adams-ind/unknownsexton.txt
  12. ^ "Negroes for Sale". Mississippi Free Trader. November 15, 1848. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  13. ^ a b topofthemorning (March 29, 2018). "Exhibit tells area's slave trade history". Mississippi's Best Community Newspaper. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
  14. ^ "Article clipped from Mississippi Free Trader". Mississippi Free Trader. January 20, 1858. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  15. ^ "A Rare Chance for a Good Investment". The Natchez Bulletin. October 30, 1857. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  16. ^ "Negroes for Sale". Mississippi Free Trader. January 26, 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  17. ^ "Runaway" Newspapers.com, The Semi-Weekly Mississippi Free Trader, September 22, 1849, http://www.newspapers.com/article/the-semi-weekly-mississippi-free-trader/143996973/

Further reading

31°33′21″N 91°23′03″W / 31.55577°N 91.38404°W / 31.55577; -91.38404

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