From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Literature produced in ancient times
Ancient literature comprises religious and scientific documents, tales, poetry and plays, royal edicts and declarations, and other forms of writing that were recorded on a variety of media, including stone, clay tablets, papyri, palm leaves, and metal. Before the spread of writing,
oral literature did not always survive well, but some texts and fragments have persisted. One can conclude that an unknown number of written works too have likely not survived the ravages of time and are therefore lost.
Incomplete list of ancient texts
Bronze Age
Early Bronze Age : 3rd millennium BC (approximate dates shown). The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC (classical
Sumerian ).
[1] The earliest literary author known by name is
Enheduanna , a Sumerian priestess and public figure dating to ca. 24th century BC.
[2]
Certain literary texts are difficult to date, such as the
Egyptian Book of the Dead , which was recorded in the
Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC, but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BC.
Middle Bronze Age : 2000 BC to 1601 BC (approximate dates shown)
2000 BC: Egyptian
Coffin Texts and
Teaching for King Merykara
2000 BC: Sumerian
Lament for Ur ,
Lament for Sumer and Ur ,
Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta , and
Debate between Winter and Summer
[20]
2000 BC – 1900 BC: Egyptian
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor
[21] ,
Prophecy of Neferti , and the first of the
Harper's Songs
1950 BC: Akkadian
Laws of Eshnunna and
Hymn to Ištar
1950 BC: Egyptian
Instructions of Amenemhat , the
Akhmim wooden tablets , and the
Heqanakht papyri
1940 BC: Sumerian
Correspondence of the Kings of Ur
1900 BC: Akkadian
Legend of Etana ,
[22]
Summa izbu ,
Šumma ālu ,
[23]
Namburbi , and
Iškar Zaqīqu
1900 BC: Sumerian
Code of Lipit-Ishtar and The Legend of
Adapa
1900 BC: Egyptian
Instructions of Kagemni
[24]
[25]
1859 BC – 1840 BC: Egyptian
Dispute between a man and his Ba
[21]
1859 BC – 1813 BC: Egyptian
Loyalist Teaching
[21]
1850 BC: Egyptian
The Eloquent Peasant
[21]
1850 BC: Akkadian
Kultepe texts ,
Bārûtu , the
Counsels of Wisdom , the
Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin , and the
Labbu Myth
1800 BC: Akkadian earliest complete version of the
Epic of Gilgamesh
[26]
[27]
1800 BC: Egyptian
Berlin Papyrus 6619 ,
Moscow Mathematical Papyrus , and
Story of Sinuhe (in
Hieratic )
[21]
1780 BC: Akkadian
Mari letters ,
[28] including the
Epic of Zimri-Lim
1754 BC: Akkadian
Code of Hammurabi stele
1750 BC: Akkadian
Agushaya Hymn
Late 18th century BC: Hittite
Anitta text
[29]
1700 BC: Akkadian
Atra-Hasis
[30]
1700 BC: Egyptian
Westcar Papyrus
[31]
1650 BC: Egyptian
Ipuwer Papyrus
1650 BC: Sumerian
Dialogue between a Man and His God
Late Bronze Age : 1600 BC to 1201 BC (approximate dates shown)
1600 BC: Hittite
Code of the Nesilim
1600 BC: Akkadian
Ḫulbazizi ,
Eridu Genesis
[32] and
Enuma Anu Enlil
1600 BC: Egyptian
Edwin Smith Papyrus
[33]
1550 BC: Egyptian
Book of the Dead ,
[34]
Instruction of Any ,
King Neferkare and General Sasenet , the
Tale of the Doomed Prince , the
Litany of Re ,
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ,
[35]
[36] and the
Ebers Papyrus
1550 BC: Akkadian
Bullussa-rabi's Hymn to Gula
1550 BC: Babylonian
Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa
1500 BC: Akkadian
Poor Man of Nippur
[37]
1500 BC:
Hittite military oath
1500 BC – 1300 BC:
Ugaritic
Baal Cycle
1500 BC – 1200 BC: Ugaritic
Legend of Keret
[38]
1500 BC – 1000 BC: Sanskrit
Rig Veda
[39]
[40]
[41]
1500 BC: Akkadian
Dynasty of Dunnum
[42] and
Chronicle of Early Kings
1450 BC: Egyptian
The Taking of Joppa
1450 BC: Akkadian
Assyrian law
[43]
1425 BC: Egyptian
Amduat
1400 BC: Akkadian Marriage of
Nergal and
Ereshkigal ,
Autobiography of Kurigalzu , and
Amarna letters
1350 BC: Ugaritic
Tale of Aqhat
[44]
1350 BC: Akkadian
Šurpu
1330 BC: Egyptian
Great Hymn to the Aten
1300 BC: Egyptian
Instruction of Amenemope ,
Papyrus Anastasi I
1300 BC: Akkadian
Ludlul bēl nēmeqi , the
Dream of Kurigalzu ,
The Hemerology for Nazi-Maruttaš ,
Iqqur Ipuš , and
Summa izbu
1274 BC: Akkadian
Adad-nārāri Epic
1240 BC: Egyptian
Papyrus of Ani ,
Book of the Dead
1200 BC – 900 BC: Akkadian version and younger stories in the Epic of Gilgamesh
[13]
1200 BC: Akkadian
Tukulti-Ninurta Epic
1200 BC: Egyptian
Tale of Two Brothers
[45]
Iron Age
Iron Age texts predating Classical Antiquity: 12th to 8th centuries BC
1200 BC: The
Yajurveda ,
Atharvaveda , and
Samaveda
1100 BC: Akkadian
Šumma sinništu qaqqada rabāt
1050 BC: Egyptian
Story of Wenamun
1050 BC: Akkadian
Sakikkū (SA.GIG) "Diagnostic Omens" by
Esagil-kin-apli .
[46]
1050 BC: Akkadian
Alamdimmû
1050 BC: The
Babylonian Theodicy of Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib.
[46]
1010 BC: Akkadian
Royal Inscription of Simbar-Šipak
1000 BC: Chinese
Classic of Poetry (Shījīng)
1000 BC: Akkadian
Dialogue of Pessimism ,
Chronicle P ,
Maglû ,
Bīt rimki ,
Zu-buru-dabbeda ,
Advice to a Prince ,
Asakkū marsūtu , the
Great Prayer to Šamaš , the
MUL.APIN , the
Sag-gig-ga-meš , and
Šēp lemutti
900 BC: Akkadian
Epic of Erra
900 BC: Vedic Sanskrit
Aranyaka
Classical Antiquity
9th century BC
8th century BC
Greek:
Sanskrit:
Akkadian:
7th century BC
6th century BC
Sanskrit:
Greek:
Akkadian:
5th century BC
Sanskrit:
Avestan:
Yasht
Chinese:
Greek:
Pindar :
Odes
Herodotus :
The Histories of Herodotus
Thucydides :
History of the Peloponnesian War
Aeschylus :
The Suppliants ,
The Persians ,
Seven Against Thebes ,
Oresteia
Sophocles :
Oedipus Rex ,
Oedipus at Colonus ,
Antigone ,
Electra and other plays
Euripides :
Alcestis ,
Medea ,
Heracleidae ,
Hippolytus ,
Andromache ,
Hecuba ,
The Suppliants ,
Electra ,
Heracles ,
Trojan Women ,
Iphigeneia in Tauris ,
Ion ,
Helen ,
Phoenician Women ,
Orestes ,
Bacchae ,
Iphigeneia at Aulis ,
Cyclops ,
Rhesus
Aristophanes :
The Acharnians ,
The Knights ,
The Clouds ,
The Wasps ,
Peace ,
The Birds ,
Lysistrata ,
Thesmophoriazusae ,
The Frogs ,
Ecclesiazousae ,
Plutus
Hebrew : date of the extant text of the
Torah
4th century BC
Sanskrit:
Katha Upanishad
Prashnopanishad
Mundaka Upanishad
Māṇḍūkya Upanishad
Bhadrabahu :
Kalpa Sūtra
Chankaya
: Arthshastra ,
Chanakya Neeti
Salihotra :
Shalihotra Samhita (treatise on veterinary medicine)
Vyasa :
Mahabharata ,
Puranas ,
Brahma Sutras
Jaimini :
Mimamsa Sutras ,
Jaimini Sutras ,
Ashvamedhika Parva
Valmiki :
Ramayana
Bhāsa
: Svapnavāsavadattam ,
Pancarātra ,
Pratijna Yaugandharayaanam ,
Pratimanātaka ,
Abhishekanātaka ,
Bālacharita ,
Karnabhāram ,
Dūtaghaṭotkaca ,
Chārudatta ,
Madhyamavyayoga and
Urubhanga .
Hebrew:
Book of Job , beginning of Hebrew
wisdom literature
Chinese:
Persian:
Greek:
Xenophon :
Anabasis ,
Cyropaedia ,
Oeconomicus ,
Memorabilia ,
Hellenica
Aristotle :
Nicomachean Ethics ,
Metaphysics ,
Organon ,
Physics ,
Historia Animalium ,
De Partibus Animalium ,
De Motu Animalium ,
De Mundo ,
De Caelo ,
Poetics ,
Politics ,
Magna Moralia ,
Eudemian Ethics
Plato :
Euthyphro ,
Apology ,
Crito ,
Theaetetus ,
Parmenides ,
Symposium ,
Phaedrus ,
Protagoras ,
Gorgias ,
Meno ,
Republic ,
Timaeus ,
Critias ,
Laws ,
Menexenus ,
Phaedo ,
Lysis ,
Alcibiades I ,
Alcibiades II ,
Hippias minor ,
Epinomis ,
Minos ,
Hipparchus ,
Ion
Euclid :
Elements
Menander :
Dyskolos
Theophrastus :
Enquiry into Plants
Egyptian:
3rd century BC
Avestan :
Avesta
Chinese:
Etruscan :
Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis (Linen Book of Zagreb)
Sanskrit :
Elu (Sri Lankan
Prakrit ): Sīhalattakathā or Hela Atuwā (Pali commentaries of Buddhist teachings that were translated into
Sinhalese after the introduction of
Buddhism to Sri Lanka)
[48]
Tamil :
Telugu :
Hebrew :
Ecclesiastes
Greek :
Latin :
Lucius
Livius Andronicus (
c. 280/260 BC —
c. 200 BC ), translator, founder of Roman drama
Gnaeus Naevius (
c. 264 — 201 BC), dramatist, epic poet
Titus Maccius
Plautus (
c. 254 — 184 BC), dramatist, composer of comedies:
Poenulus ,
Miles Gloriosus , and other plays
Quintus Fabius Pictor (3rd century BC), historian
Lucius Cincius Alimentus (3rd century BC), military historian and antiquarian
Egyptian:
Akkadian:
2nd century BC
Sanskrit
Avestan:
Vendidad
Chinese:
Aramaic :
Book of Daniel
Hebrew :
Sirach
Greek
Latin :
Terence (195/185 BC — 159 BC), comic dramatist:
The Brothers ,
The Girl from Andros ,
Eunuchus ,
The Self-Tormentor
Quintus
Ennius (239 BC —
c. 169 BC ), poet
Marcus
Pacuvius (
c. 220 BC — 130 BC), tragic dramatist, poet
Statius Caecilius (220 BC — 168/166 BC), comic dramatist
Marcius Porcius Cato (234 BC — 149 BC), generalist, topical writer
Gaius Acilius (2nd century BC), historian
Lucius Accius (170 BC —
c. 86 BC ), tragic dramatist, philologist
Gaius Lucilius (
c. 160s BC — 103/2 BC), satirist
Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd century BC), public officer, epigrammatist
Aulus Furius Antias (2nd century BC), poet
Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus (130 BC — 87 BC), public officer, tragic dramatist
Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis (2nd century BC), comic dramatist, satirist
Lucius Cassius Hemina (2nd century BC), historian
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (2nd century BC), historian
Manius Manilius (2nd century BC), public officer, jurist
Lucius Coelius Antipater (2nd century BC), jurist, historian
Publius
Sempronius Asellio (158 BC — after 91 BC), military officer, historian
Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus (2nd century BC), jurist
Lucius Afranius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), comic dramatist
Titus Albucius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), orator
Publius Rutilius Rufus (158 BC — after 78 BC), jurist
Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd & 1st centuries BC), public officer, poet
Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus (154 BC — 74 BC), philologist
Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), historian
Valerius Antias (2nd & 1st centuries BC), historian
Lucius Cornelius Sisenna (121 BC — 67 BC), soldier, historian
Quintus Cornificius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), rhetorician
Pali :
Tipitaka
[49]
1st century BC
1st century AD
2nd century
3rd century
Late Antiquity
4th century
Latin: see
Late Latin
Sanskrit
Asanga :
Dharma-dharmata-vibhaga (Distinguishing Phenomena and Pure Being),
Mahāyānasaṃgraha (Summary of the
Great Vehicle )
Vasubandhu :
Verses on the Treasury of the Abhidharma , Pañcaskandhaprakaraṇa (Explanation of the Five Aggregates),
Pañcaskandhaprakaraṇa (Explanation of the Five Aggregates),Vyākhyāyukti ("Proper Mode of Exposition"),
Vādavidhi ("Rules for Debate"),
Dharmadharmatāvibhāgavṛtti (Commentary on Distinguishing Elements from Reality),
Madhyāntavibhāgabhāṣya (Commentary on Distinguishing the Middle from the Extremes),
Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkārabhāṣya (Commentary on the Ornament to the Great Vehicle Discourses)
Dignāga :
Pramāṇa-samuccaya (Compendium of Valid Cognition ),
Hetucakra (The wheel of reason )
Haribhadra:Anekāntajayapatākā [The Victory Banner of Anekantavada (Relativism )],
Dhūrtākhyāna (The Rogue's Stories ),
Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya (An Array of Views on Yoga ),
Ṣaḍdarśanasamuccaya ( Compendium of Six Philosophies)
Chinese:
Syriac:
Aphrahat ,
Ephrem the Syrian
Aramaic:
Jerusalem Talmud
Pali (Sri Lanka):
Mahāvaṃsa
5th century
Armenian:
Chinese:
Sanskrit:
Kālidāsa (speculated):
Abhijñānaśākuntalam (अभिज्ञान शाकुन्तलम्, "The Recognition of Shakuntala"),
Meghadūta (मेघदूत, "Cloud Messenger"),
Vikramōrvaśīyam (विक्रमोर्वशीयम्, "Urvashi Won by Valour", play)
Pujyapada :
Iṣṭopadeśa (Divine Sermons),
Sarvārthasiddhi (Attainment of Higher Goals),
Jainendra Vyākaraṇa (Jainendra Grammar),
Samādhitantra (Method of SelfContemplation),
Daśabhaktyādisangraha (Collection of Ten Adorations)
,Śabdāvatāranyāsa (Arrangement of Words and their Forms)
Aryabhata :
Aryabhatiya
Kamandaka :
Nitisara (The Elements of Polity)
Bodhidharma :
Two Entrances and Four Practices ,
Treatise on Realizing the Nature ,
Refuting Signs Treatise
Bhartṛhari :
Vākyapadīya (Treatise on
Sanskrit grammar and linguistic philosophy),
Śatakatraya (The three hundred poems of moral values)
Siddhasena
:Nyāyāvatāra ,
Sanmati sutra ,
Kalyan Mandir stotra
Sarvanandi :
Lokavibhaga (Text on Jain Cosmology)
Tamil:
[50]
Pahlavi:
Pali (Sri Lanka)
Latin: see
Late Latin
Greek:
6th century
See also
References
^ Grimbly, Shona (2000).
Encyclopedia of the Ancient World .
Taylor & Francis . p. 216.
ISBN
978-1-57958-281-4 . The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC, when the Sumerians started to write down their long epic poems.
^
"Why Has No One Ever Heard of the World's First Poet?" . Literary Hub . 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2019-01-19 .
^
Biggs, Robert D. (1974).
Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh (PDF) .
Oriental Institute Publications.
University of Chicago Press .
ISBN
0-226-62202-9 .
^ Two fragmentary
Akkadian versions survive, from the 15th century BCE and from the end of the second millennium BCE: "Its great antiquity and popularity is evidenced by the large number of manuscripts of it that have survived" (Beaulieu in Clifford 2007:4).
^ Mogens Herman Hansen; Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2002).
A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation . Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 40–.
ISBN
978-87-7876-316-7 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 .
^ Jeremy A. Black; Jeremy Black; Graham Cunningham; Eleanor Robson (13 April 2006).
The Literature of Ancient Sumer . Oxford University Press. pp. 325–.
ISBN
978-0-19-929633-0 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 .
^ Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt . Routledge, London/New York 2001,
ISBN
0-415-26011-6 .
^
"The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids" . Smithsonian.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 .
^ Miguel Ángel Borrás; Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (2000).
Joan Goodrick Westenholz, The Foundation Myths of Mesopotamian Cities: Divine Planners and Human Builder in "La fundación de la ciudad: mitos y ritos en el mundo antiguo" . Edicions UPC. pp. 48–.
ISBN
978-84-8301-387-8 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 .
^ Samuel Noah Kramer (1964).
The Sumerians: their history, culture and character . University of Chicago Press. pp. 218–.
ISBN
978-0-226-45238-8 . Retrieved 23 May 2011 .
^ Jones, Mark (2006).
Criminals of the Bible: Twenty-Five Case Studies of Biblical Crimes and Outlaws . FaithWalk Publishing. p. 6.
ISBN
978-1-932902-64-8 . The Sumerian code of
Urukagina was written around 2400 BC.
^ Allen, James P.; Der Manuelian, Peter, eds. (2005). The ancient Egyptian pyramid texts . Writings from the ancient world. Atlanta: Soc. of Biblical Literature.
ISBN
978-1-58983-182-7 .
^
a
b
Stephanie Dalley , ed. (2000). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others . Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-953836-2 .
^
Eccles, Sir John Carew (1989).
Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self .
Routledge . p. 115.
ISBN
978-0-415-03224-7 . The
Epic of Gilgamesh , written in
Sumer about 2200 BC.
^ Miriam., Lichtheim (2006). The Old and Middle Kingdoms . University of California press. p. 23.
ISBN
9780520248427 .
OCLC
889165092 .
^ Thorkild Jacobsen (1997).
The Harps that once--: Sumerian poetry in translation, pp. 386- . Yale University Press.
ISBN
978-0-300-07278-5 .
^
"Sumerian Literature: Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, Sumerian Creation Myth, Debate Between Bird and Fish, Lament for Ur, Nabnitu, Lu-Di IRA" – via www.alibris.com.
^ Samuel Noah Kramer (April 1979).
From the poetry of Sumer: creation, glorification, adoration . University of California Press. pp. 25–.
ISBN
978-0-520-03703-8 . Retrieved 10 June 2011 .
^ Sallaberger, Walther; Schrakamp, Ingo (2015). "Part I: Philological data for a historical chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium".
History & philology . Turnhout. pp. 1–133.
ISBN
978-2-503-53494-7 .
OCLC
904661061 . {{
cite book }}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link )
^ John H. Walton (30 July 2009).
The Lost World of Genesis One: Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate . InterVarsity Press. pp. 34–.
ISBN
978-0-8308-3704-5 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
James P. Allen (2015). Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom . Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-1-107-08743-9 .
^ Dalley, Stephanie, ed. (2000).
"Etana (pp. 189ff.)" .
Myths from Mesopotamia. Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others .
Oxford University Press .
ISBN
0199538360 .
^ Nils P. Heeßel (1999–2015). "Šumma ālu". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History . John Wiley & Sons.
doi :
10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah21308 .
ISBN
9781444338386 .
^ Simpson (1972), p. 177; Parkinson (2002), pp. 46, 50, 313.
^ Parkinson (2002), pp. 46, 50, 313.
^ Dalley, Stephanie (2000). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others . Oxford University Press. p. 45.
ISBN
9780199538362 .
^ Mitchell, T (1988). The Bible in the British Museum . The British Museum Press. p. 70.
^ Sasson, Jack (2015). From the Mari Archives: An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters . University Park, United States: Penn State University Press.
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta". Journal of Cuneiform Studies . 72 : 143–155.
doi :
10.1086/709313 .
S2CID
224830641 .
^
Bottéro, Jean . 2000.
Ancestor of the West: Writing, Reasoning, and Religion in Mesopotamia, Elam, and Greece . Chicago:
University of Chicago Press .
ISBN
978-0226067155 . p. 40.
^ Lichtheim, M (1973). Ancient Egyptian Literature . University of California Press. p. 215.
^ Thorkild Jacobsen (1994). Hess, Richard S.; Tsumuro, David Toshio (eds.).
I Studied Inscriptions from Before the Flood: Ancient Near Eastern Literary and Linguistic Approaches to Genesis . Eisenbraun's. p. 129.
ISBN
978-0931464881 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 .
^
Allen, James P. (2005).
The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt .
New York /
New Haven : The
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Yale University Press .
ISBN
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LCCN
2005016908 .
^ Taylor, John H.; British Museum, eds. (2010). Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead: journey through the afterlife ; [published to accompany the exhibition at the British Museum from 4 November 2010 to 6 March 2011] . London: The British Museum Press.
ISBN
978-0-7141-1993-9 .
^
Imhausen, Annette (2007). Katz, Victor J. (ed.). The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook .
Princeton University Press .
ISBN
978-0-691-11485-9 .
^ Rossi (2007). Corinna Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt .
Cambridge University Press .
ISBN
978-0-521-69053-9 .
^
Noonan, John T. (1987).
Bribes .
University of California Press . p. 4.
ISBN
978-0-520-06154-5 . The
Poor Man of Nippur dates from about 1500 BC.
^ Wilfred G. E. Watson; Nicolas Wyatt, eds. (1 January 1999).
Handbook of Ugaritic Studies . BRILL. pp. 203–.
ISBN
978-90-04-10988-9 .
OCLC
1025426965 . The poem of Keret is one of the three major literary works which gifted Canaanite poets of the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1500–1200 BCE) bequeathed serendipitously to 20th century civilization.
^ Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Press.
^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World . Princeton University Press.
^ Thapar, Romila; Witzel, Michael; Menon, Jaya; Friese, Kai; Khan, Razib (2019). Which of us are Aryans? rethinking the concept of our origins . New Delhi: Aleph.
ISBN
978-93-88292-38-2 .
^ Thorkild Jacobsen (1978). The treasures of darkness: a history of Mesopotamian religion . Yale University Press. pp. 167–168, 231. "Perhaps it was brought east with the Amorites of the First Dynasty of Babylon."
^ Scholz, Susanne (2021).
Sacred Witness. Rape in the Hebrew Bible . Fortress Press.
ISBN
9781506482033 . (E-book edition)
^ Arnold, Bill T.; Beyer, Bryan, eds. (2002). Readings from the ancient Near East: primary sources for Old Testament study . Encountering biblical studies. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Academic.
ISBN
978-0-8010-2292-0 .
^
Miriam Lichtheim , Ancient Egyptian Literature , vol.2, 1980, p.203
^
a
b Alan Lenzi (2008). "The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions . 8 (2): 137–169.
doi :
10.1163/156921208786611764 .
^ Frahm, Eckert (2010). "Counter-texts, Commentaries, and Adaptations: Politically Motivated Responses to the Babylonian Epic of Creation in Mesopotamia, the Biblical World, and Elsewhere". Orient (45): 5.
^ Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship and Information Management Vol.4, Nos.,3&4 (July – Dec.2011) pp. 1 -58
^ Archived at
Ghostarchive and the
Wayback Machine :
"Ajahn Sujato – A Practical Guide to Reading The Suttas – March 2018" .
YouTube .
^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India . Leiden: Brill.
ISBN
9789004035911 .
^
"International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 11, Issue 7, July 2021 682" (PDF) . International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications . 11 . 2021.