| Etheostomatinae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Etheostoma blennioides | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Percidae |
| Subfamily: |
Etheostomatinae Agassiz, 1850 [1] |
| Genera | |
|
see text | |
Etheostomatinae is a species-rich subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fish, the members of which are commonly known as the darters. The subfamily is part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. The family is endemic to North America. It consists of three to five different genera and well over 200 species. A common name for these fish in southern Indiana is pollywog.
Characteristics
Species within the Etheostomatinae are all small fish, mostly less than 11 centimetres (4.3 in) in length, and their bodies are slightly compressed or fusiform in shape. They have two pterygiophores between the first and second dorsal fins which do not have spines and a reduced swimbladder which may be completely lacking. [2] The common name "darter" owes to the behavior of the fish, which dart around their benthic habitat. They are sexually dimorphic; most species have males with bright colors and patterning, particularly when breeding. These colors and patterns are used to attract females and allow for recognition of species, as the colors and patterns are particular to each species. Many species use typical sites for spawning and they care for their eggs and fry. They have evolved a variety of methods of depositing eggs and these include burying them, which may be the basal habit as it is found in all genera, as well as attaching eggs to a substrate and egg clustering. [3]
Distribution
Etheostomatinae darters are endemic to North America where they are found in the Mississippi River basin and the drainages of the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, the seaboards of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coast of Mexico. [3]
Taxonomy
Fishbase recognises five genera as follows: [4] [5]
- Ammocrypta Jordan, 1877
- Crystallaria Jordan & Gilbert, 1885
- Etheostoma Rafinesque, 1817
- Nothonotus Putnam, 1863
- Percina Haldeman, 1842
However, Fishbase places Crystallaria within the subfamily Percinae [6] while the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World regard it as a subgenus of Ammocrypta and Nothonotus as a subgenus of Etheostoma. [2]
References
- ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230.
- ^ a b J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 448–450. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
- ^ a b Carol A. Stepien & Amanda Haponski (2015). "Taxonomy, Distribution, and Evolution of the Percidae". In Patrick Kestemont; Konrad Dabrowski & Robert C. Summerfelt (eds.). Biology and Culture of Percid Fishes. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 3–60. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7227-3_1. ISBN 978-94-017-7227-3.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2019). "Etheostomatinae" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Etheostomatinae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Crystallaria in FishBase. December 2019 version.