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Esteban Ezcurra Arraiza
Born
Esteban Ezcurra Arraiza

1888
Echauri, Spain
Died1964
Pamplona, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationlandholder
Known forparamilitary
Political party Carlism

Esteban Ezcurra Arraiza (1888–1964) was a Spanish landholder and local public servant. During a few separate strings between 1920 and 1960 he served as mayor of Echauri and in the late 1940s as member of the Navarrese auxiliary advisory body, Consejo Foral Administrativo. In the mid-1930s he took part in Carlist conspiracy and preparations to the July 1936 coup d'état. He is best known as commander of the regional rearguard branch of the Carlist militia requeté, and was active in particular in early months of the Spanish Civil War. In historiography he is counted among chief architects of wartime Nationalist terror in Navarre and is portrayed as the person who managed the Carlist repression network in the region.

Family and youth

Echauri
Echauri

The oldest records referring to Ezcurra's [1] ancestors are related to Tafalla. [2] In the 1750s the first representative of the family and the great-great-grandfather of Esteban was noted as born in a nearby town of Barásoain; it is there where the following 3 generations were born. [3] They formed part of the local hidalguia; the family nest, Casa de Juanzar, was one of major buildings in the town. [4] The paternal grandfather of Esteban, Pio Juan Manuel Ezcurra Jiménez (born 1807), married Josefa Francisca Felipe Erviti. [5] Their son was the father of Esteban, José Ezcurra Felipe (died 1916). [6] He was probably among the younger offspring, as he did not inherit the family possessions in Barásoain. Ezcurra Felipe married Teresa [7] Arraiza López (1845–1910) [8] from a family of somewhat higher social status, with representatives noted in history of the region. [9] Since the late 17th century the Arraizas were related to Ochovi, where they owned a family palace. [10] The maternal grandfather of Esteban, José Fermín Arraiza Illincheta (born 1807), a graduate in law, married a girl who descended from the Mendigañas, [11] a landed family from Echauri. It was their daughter and Esteban's mother, an etxauritarra, who inherited the estate. [12]

Following marriage José Ezcurra and Teresa Arraiza settled in the co-called Casa Mendigaña in Echauri; [13] the family became “una de las casas fuerte del pueblo”. [14] It is not clear how much land they owned. As a terrateniente Ezcurra was among largest taxpayers in the municipality and owned plots in neighboring locations; [15] he ran the economy on ambitious scale and in the 1880s he presented his wines – though he was probably also growing cattle [16] – on national fairs. [17] In the 1890s he represented Echauri in talks on a would-be Logroño- Pamplona railway line [18] and was among jurados in the Pamplona juridical district; [19] in the early 20th century he became juez municipal. [20] It is not clear how many children the couple had; sources point to 7 siblings, yet there is no further information on older brothers. [21]

Casa Mendigaña, Echauri
Casa Mendigaña, Echauri

There is close to nothing known about the childhood and youth of Esteban. None of the sources consulted provides information where he received secondary education and whether he pursued an academic career, e.g. in law as was typical for young males of his social standing. In 1906 as an 18-year-old he was first noted in the societé columns of the Pamplonese press. [22] In the early 1910s he started to replace his father as contact person in commercial adverts, related to sale or rent of various agricultural equipment and assets; [23] in 1915, already one year before death of his father, he was referred to as “el propietaro Esteban Ezcurra”. [24] Though in 1924 he was mentioned in newspapers in relation to a “distinguida señorita”, [25] he married as late as in 1930. He wed Julia Iñarra Legarraga [26] (1893–1965) [27] from Elizondo, [28] descendant to a distinguished family and a relative to local Navarrese officials; [29] the Iñarras and the Ezcurras might have been interrelated. [30] The couple had no children. [31]

Early public engagements (until 1931)

monument to fueros, Pamplona
monument to fueros, Pamplona

Political preferences of the Ezcurra ancestors are not clear. The Arraizas have been traditionally supporting Carlism; Esteban's maternal uncle was related to the Juanmartiñenas, in 1874 awarded title of Conde de Aldaz by the claimant Carlos VII. [32] However, there is no evidence of Esteban's Traditionalist endeavors until he reached mid-age. The first information on his public activity – apart from singing in the local Pamplonese choir [33] - come from the mid-1910s, when in his late 20s he served as vicepresidente of Asociación Neutralista de Navarra, an organisation supporting Spanish neutrality in the Great War; in Spanish conditions it amounted to support of the Central Powers. [34] In 1917 he was also recorded in regional Junta Directiva of Asociación de Labradores, [35] an agricultural association dominated by large owners. [36] In 1918, barely aged 30, Ezcurra represented Echauri at Asamblea de Ayuntamientos Navarros; it was a grand meeting of local mayors organized by Diputación Provincial as part of a campaign for so-called reintegración foral, restoration of fueros, abolished in the 19th century. [37]

It is not clear whether during the Pamplonese 1918 Asamblea Ezcurra was already the mayor of Echauri; the first confirmed news of him holding the post comes from 1920 [38] and in the press the information re-appears also during the following few years, [39] at least until 1925. [40] In the early 1920s he represented his town in numerous Navarrese initiatives related to reintegración and gained some prestige, e.g. in another Asamblea de Municipios he was among 6 alcaldes who represented the merindad of Pamplona. [41] He joined Sociedad de Estudios Vascos, though it is not clear whether he spoke Basque; [42] apart from membership, [43] there is no trace of his activity in the organisation. His other cultural undertakings was engagement in local fiestas, where he used to perform as a singer, [44] or the 1928 setup of Sociedad Unión Echauritarra, a sport organisation which he presided; [45] its sections were dedicated to pelota, football and cycling. [46]

loading grain elevator, Spain
loading grain elevator, Spain

In the late 1920s Ezcurra was engaged in Sindicato Agrícola Católico, the organisation he started to preside in 1929. [47] It formed part of Federación Católico-Social Navarra (FCSN), a regional agrarian organisation controlled mostly by mid-size and large landholders; in 1929 he emerged as secretary of the federation. [48] Initially he presided over its Pamplona section, [49] but in 1930 he assumed presidency of the entire organisation, the position held before by major terratenientes like Esteban Deán, Francisco J. Martínez de Morentín and Justo Garrán. [50] FCSN was a powerful regional economic organisation; in the early 1930s it grouped 99 Sindicatos Agrícolas or Cajas Rurales and had 13,291 members on its rolls, [51] of which 53% were owners, 22% tenants and 25% rural workers. [52] Being at the helm of FCSN elevated Ezcurra from a locally known activist to a person recognized in the regional Navarrese economic life, especially that he entered also other bodies, e.g. Comisión Arbitral de la Industria Azucarera. [53] He followed in the footsteps of his father and also sent products to local fairs, [54] at time gaining minor prizes. [55]

Second Republic (1931-1936)

Estella statute rally, 1931

Earlier efforts aimed at reintegración foral following declaration of the republic in 1931 were re-directed towards a Basque-Navarrese autonomy. In May 1931 Ezcurra – again the mayor of Echauri – wired the assembly of municipios in Puente la Reina “most enthusiastic and sincere support” for the draft autonomy statute. [56] In July as alcalde he participated in consultation process. [57] In a grand meeting of Navarrese local councils in Estella he occupied a place in the presidency [58] and voted in favor of the draft, [59] supporting it also in Junta General of FCSN. [60] The draft was eventually rejected by the Cortes, and in early 1932 another version was prepared by Madrid-appointed provincial self-governments. In June 1932 it was subject to approval by gathering of provincial ayuntamientos. This time Ezcurra voted against the statute; [61] as most Navarrese alcaldes voted likewise, in the region the draft was rejected.

Republican reforms introduced arbitration bodies; in 1932 Ezcurra became member of Jurado Mixto del Trabajo Rural for the district of Pamplona, where he represented Sindicato Agrícola de Echauri. [62] In this role he continued during the following years, [63] voted as a candidate of FCSN and Asociación de Propietarios Terratenientes de Navarra (APTN). [64] In public he voiced against reportedly subversive activity of UGT and its rural branch, [65] and listed “formidable threats” the republican reforms posed to agriculture. [66] It is known he acted as arbiter in various cases, [67] but it is not clear to what extent he managed to implement his vision. As part of propaganda activity he gave addresses at meetings of anti- Marxist unions. [68] As president of FCSN he worked to slow down implementation of agrarian reform in Navarre. [69] Ezcurra resigned as FCSN president in 1934, taking positions in APTN [70] and Caja de Seguros. [71]

Carlist standard

Shortly prior to the fall of the monarchy, in March 1931, Ezcurra was mentioned as president of the Echauri Jaimista círculo. [72] There was little follow-up noted [73] until in 1933 he started to organize the Echauri detachment of requeté, possibly financing it with his own money. [74] In 1935 he emerged as head of requeté in Valle de Echauri. [75] In 1936, when gear-up to Carlist rising was in full swing, Ezcurra was nominated commander of one of 3 existent Navarrese requeté companies; [76] he was given a provisional rank of alférez. [77] A present-day historian suspects he kept a low profile as he was not subject to official measures, [78] and this is despite almost open military drills, like machine-gun training for 30 men on the fields of Echauri in March 1936. [79] In mid-June he took part in secret talks with leader of the military conspiracy, Mola. [80] On July 2 it was in his house that Mola spoke with the nationwide requeté supervisor, Zamanillo. [81] Though talks between the military and Carlist leadership were going on badly, in private Ezcurra told Mola he was prepared to join “con boina o sin boina”; [82] he declared also that “si no convencemos mañana al general saco las bombas yo solo”. [83]

Inspectór de Requeté (1936-1937)

Ezcurra (2fR), September 1936

In mid-July 1936 Ezcurra was instrumental in transmitting orders to rise. [84] Though he was among only 4 capitanes and tenientes of Navarrese requeté, [85] scholars suspect his command during first days of the coup was rather nominal; [86] sources provide evidence of his minor role in Valle de Echauri. [87] He was not assigned to lead any militia unit dispatched from Navarre to Basque, Aragon or Guadarrama fronts. As leaders of Navarrese requeté were either detained [88] or sent to lead combat troops, [89] in August [90] Junta Central Carlista de Guerra de Navarra (JCCGN) nominated Ezcurra Inspectór de Requeté de Navarra, effectively in command of Carlist militia units which remained in Navarre. [91] His role included recruitment, [92] assignments, [93] directing reinforcements, [94] propaganda, [95] visits to frontlines, [96] and co-ordination with army command. [97] He also took part in non-military projects, e.g. the one about setting up a university in Pamplona. [98]

One scholar systematically claims that Ezcurra was the person managing the Carlist repression in Navarre; [99] he implies that Ezcurra was among key Nationalist officials responsible for some 3,000 killed in the province, according to some parameters the highest provincial repression rate across all Spain. [100] General Mola, considered the chief architect of Nationalist terror, [101] reportedly found in the likes of Ezcurra perfect “instrumentos” to implement his strategy. [102] The claim is chiefly based on Ezcurra's role of commander of all rearguard requeté troops (at times referred to as Requeté Auxiliar, different from frontline requeté tercios) operational in Navarre. Three of his specific roles are listed in particular. First, it is understood that he was either in some way responsible [103] or that he was personally running the Carlist detention centre, located in the Pamplona Piarist college. [104] Second, he is supposed to have been the key person issuing incarceration or excarceration orders, to be acted upon by the Carlist repressive machinery. [105] Third, he is held responsible for [106] – in some versions personally commanding [107] – so-called Tercio Móvil or Tercio Auxiliar, a requeté unit which performed arrests and executions. [108]

Memory Park, Sartaguda
Memory Park, Sartaguda

None of the sources consulted claims that Ezcurra was personally killing inmates or commanding executions. [109] Though in general terms he is considered a key person responsible for Carlist repression in Navarre, it is not clear whether and if yes how he was related to two most notorious cases involving requetés, i.e. so-called matanza de Monreal (October 1936, 64 killed) and matanza de Valcaldera (August 1936, 52 killed). It is not certain whether the Valcaldera killings occurred when Ezcurra was in command; [110] the massacre in Monreal took place when he was away. One historian does not associate him with the crime [111] and puts the blame on Jaime del Burgo; [112] at the time Ezcurra was on sort of a propaganda journey to the Nationalist-held Andalusia [113] and was noted back in Navarre in December. [114] According to some accounts Ezcurra protected inhabitants of his native Echauri and prevented any would-be Nationalist repressions in the town. [115] Officially Ezcurra's role as head of Navarrese requeté was terminated following the political unification of April 1937.

Unification and afterwards (1937-1939)

Ezcurra (3fR) among Nationalist officials

Ezcurra mattered little in nationwide politics of Comunión Tradicionalista, though he carried some weight in Navarre. When in early 1937 the party got wind of unification designs, initially Ezcurra was not involved in decision-making, e.g. he was absent during the meeting of CT executive in Insua in February 1937. [116] However, during a meeting in Burgos in March he assisted with a Navarrese requeté detachment waiting outside, which by some participants was perceived as intimidation; [117] Ezcurra was considered “en la órbita del conde de Rodezno”, [118] in political entourage of the chief pro-unification advocate, Rodezno. During the sitting of JCCGN in Pamplona in early April he was invited as a requeté representative. [119] It was decided to form a delegation and press the unification cause with the regent-claimant, Don Javier; Ezcurra was selected to be among the envoys. [120] Few days later in Saint-Jean-de-Luz [121] he declared to the regent that requetés were willing to build “New Spain”; [122] the hesitant Don Javier grudgingly consented. [123] In mid-April Ezcurra took part in another key JCCGN political meeting, which authorized Rodezno to carry out the unification talks. [124]

Once the Unification Decree was published Ezcurra wired his enthusiastic support to Franco. [125] In late spring the Carlist and the Falangist paramilitary organisations were declared formally united in a new service, dubbed National Militia, even though frontline units retained their identity. This formally terminated Ezcurra's service as Inspector de Requeté. However, in June 1937 the military headquarters nominated him “capitán honorario” [126] and provisional head of Milicias Nacionales in Navarre. [127] At this role he replaced a career officer Pedro Ibisate Gorria, who assumed command of a frontline unit. [128] During the summer Ezcurra remained supportive of unification proceedings. In August he took part in another sitting of now formally defunct JCCGN; Rodezno briefed the gathering on developments in the new state party, Falange Española Tradicionalista, and received the authorization to proceed. [129] Ezcurra was nominated to comisión, supposed to handle unification-related tension with Don Javier, [130] though there is nothing known about his activity at this role.

battle of Teruel

In late 1937 he kept appearing in the press as Jefé Provincial de la Milicia Nacional, though mostly as engaged in procedural and propaganda roles. [131] Things took a turn in February 1938, when requetés were heavily engaged on the Teruel front. Ezcurra protested to the military against combat deployment of Carlist troops. In his opinion, they were unfairly selected as the only ones which formed shock units, to be thrown upon the Republican lines, with heavy casualties anticipated. In response, Ezcurra was dismissed as head of Navarrese Milicias Nacionales. The Nationalist press maintained total blackout about the incident; the Republican one reported it, [132] at times accompanied by conclusion that the Franco-enforced unification has failed [133] and the requetes were referring to the Falangists as "Rojos". One newspaper claimed that Ezcurra was detained. [134] Though in March 1938 he was still occasionally mentioned as “Jefe de Requetés” in local titles, [135] afterwards he disappeared from the press and there is no information on his public activity until the end of the war.

Early Francoism (after 1939)

Ezcurra in Consejo Foral Administrativo de Navarra, 1949
Ezcurra in Consejo Foral Administrativo de Navarra, 1949

An internal Carlist document from 1940 lists Ezcurra as leader of old requeté jefatura “deprived of any prestige”, one of 3 factions competing for influence within the bewildered organisation. [136] The same year he co-signed a letter, addressed to the nationwide CT leader Manuel Fal Conde; it contained personal suggestions for the re-established Junta Regional. [137] In 1941, following outbreak of the German-Soviet war, he co-signed a manifesto which pledged loyalty to CT authorities; its bottom line was discouraging former requetés from volunteering to División Azul. [138] In 1942 he maintained this stand against a competitive requeté faction. [139] In 1943 a Carlist from La Rioja, Joaquín Purón, was nominated by Fal as a new Inspector de Requetés de Navarra, entrusted with re-organizing the branch. Former leaders like Ezcurra and Lizarza were somewhat upset, [140] but eventually they decided to co-operate and structure the militia along pre-war lines. [141] Later that year with Purón and Francisco Armisén he formed part of a 3-man comisión permanente, entrusted with political tasks: it was to supervise nominations from merindades to the re-structured Junta Regional. [142]

Since the early 1930s there was a current within Carlism which claimed that after death of the octogenarian pretender Alfonso Carlos, the dynastic leadership should be assumed by his grandnephew, Karl Pius. Until the mid-1940s Ezcurra was not known as related. In 1943 Karl Pius, posing as Carlos VIII, openly declared his claim, and Ezcurra occasionally took part in meetings flavored by so-called Carloctavismo. [143] In 1945 Carlos nominated 10 members of his Real Consejo del Reino de Navarra; Ezcurra was among them. [144] Technically supporting Karl Pius did not violate the Carlist loyalty, as under the regency of Don Javier various groups were free to advocate their preferred candidates to the crown. However, the Carloctavistas were pushing the limits; in 1946 many of them – Ezcurra included – signed an open letter to Don Javier; in correct but bold terms they demanded that the regent nominates a successor to the late Don Alfonso Carlos. [145] This is the second last known Ezcurra's epizode related to Traditionalism; the last one was his 1951 support for Carlist candidature to the Pamplona ayuntamiento from so-called tercio familiar; [146] some scholars consider it a proof that he sided with “el sector más franquista del tradicionalismo”. [147]

Ezcurra's name kept appearing in proceedings of executive of FCSN, [148] now renamed to Federación Agro-Social de Navarra, but following incorporation of the organisation into the Francoist vertical sindicates in the early 1940s [149] he was no longer listed. [150] At least during the period of 1944 [151]-1946 [152] he again served as alcalde of Echauri; in 1949 he was nominated to Consejo Foral Administrativo, [153] the body he unsuccessfully aspired to in 1935. [154] Between 1952 [155] and 1960 [156] he was again almost every year [157] noted as the mayor of his town. He remained moderately active also in some non-political agricultural organisations, like Unión Territorial de Cooperativas. [158] His death was barely recorded in local press, except for private necrological notes; [159] few days later the Carlist El Pensamiento Navarro published a small related editorial piece which recollected the defunct. [160]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ in the press the surname at times appeared as "Escurra", also in relation to Esteban, see e.g. El Cruzado Espanol 08.04.32, available here, or Diario de Navarra 20.12.45
  2. ^ the oldest records about the Ezcurras are related to Sanesteban in Navarre and refer to late 16th century, but no link between them and the Esteban's ancestors has been established, see Ezcurra entry, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  3. ^ Sebastian Leon Ezcurra Felipe entry, [in:] Geneaordoñez service, available here
  4. ^ Casas palaciegas, [in:] Barasoain municipal service, available here
  5. ^ she was born in nearby Monreal, Josefa Francisca Felipe Erviti, [in:] Geneaordoñez service, available here
  6. ^ La Acción 19.06.19, available here
  7. ^ according to some sources her name was Maria, Pedro José Arraiza Garbalena, De la vida hidalga, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 14 (1953), p. 151
  8. ^ Arraiza Garbalena 1953, p. 151, also El Eco de Navarra 20.10.10, available here
  9. ^ Arraiza, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  10. ^ El Palacio de Ochovi se convertirá en un hotel rural, [in:] Diario de Navarra 01.09.09, available here
  11. ^ María Concepción López Mendigaña (born 1818), see position 18 at Arraiza, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  12. ^ her older brother died with no descendants, Arraiza Garbalena 1953, p. 151
  13. ^ see Enrique Navascues, Fuentes documentales, [in:] Antizina 2008, p. 41, available here
  14. ^ Pablo Larraz Andía, Víctor Sierra-Sesumaga (eds.), Requetés. De las trincheras al olvidio, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788499700465, p. 666
  15. ^ see 1884 information on his father having been due to pay taxes related to land ownership in Cendea de Olza, Lau-buru 06.06.84, available here
  16. ^ El Eco de Navarra 10.04.10, available here
  17. ^ in 1888 he presented “seis botellas de vino tinto seco” in exposition in Barcelona, see brochure from Exposición Universal de Barcelona, p. 224, available here
  18. ^ José Miguel Delgado Idarreta, El ferrocarril Logroño-Pamplona (1889-1927), [in:] Cuadernos de Investigación 8 (1983), p. 157
  19. ^ El Liberal Navarro 25.08.1896, available here
  20. ^ El Eco de Navarra 19.10.19, available here
  21. ^ one genealogical site records 6 siblings, Jose Maria (b. 1879), Ynes Francisca (1880), Claudia Luisa (1881), Maria Incarnacion (1883), and two males unknown by name (b. 1884 and 1885), see Family Search database, available here. Esteban is not listed in the database, but names of the ancestors match perfectly, e.g. when compared to Antzinako or Geneaordoñez databases. Some details also in necrological note in El Eco de Navarra 19.10.19, available here. Maria died in 1962, Diario de Navarra 07.10.62
  22. ^ “para Echauri salió ayer el joven don Esteban Ezcurra”, Diario de Navarra 11.12.06
  23. ^ Diario de Navarra 28.01.13
  24. ^ Diario de Navarra 04.11.15
  25. ^ he was reported to have travelled to Barasoain with “distinguida señorita María Baziáin”, Diario de Navarra 23.02.24
  26. ^ Jesús Aldaba, Joaquín Iraizoz, Oltza 1936, Tafalla 2016, ISBN 9788493882495, p. 221
  27. ^ Julia Iñarra Legarraga entry, [in:] Geni service, available here
  28. ^ “baztanesa de Elizondo”, José María Jimeno Jurío, Navarra jamás dijo no al Estatuto Vasco, Tafalla 1997, ISBN 9788481360219, p. 124
  29. ^ e.g. her cousin was alcalde of Pamplona, Iñarra Echenique, Fermín, [in:] Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here
  30. ^ she was granddaughter to Pedro Martín Iñarra Ezcurra (1823-1895)
  31. ^ contrary to customs adopted, there are no children mentioned in his necrological notes, see Diario de Navarra 24.03.64, El Pensamiento Navarro 24.03.64. Though both Ezcurra and his wife have been a number of times mentioned on societé columns of Navarrese press, there has been no mention of their children. There is no information (e.g. a would-have-been necrological note) on any child deceased
  32. ^ Conde de Aldaz, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here
  33. ^ e.g. in 1917 Esteban Ezcurra is mentioned during performance of “una preciosa Ave Maria, la cual el bajo don Esteban Ezcurra nos demostró una vez más patente y bien timbrade voz”, Diario de Navarra 29.04.17, also Fernando Mikelarena, Sin piedad. Limpieza política en Navarra, 1936. Responsables, colaboradores y ejecutores, Tafalla 2015, ISBN 9788476819166, p. 263
  34. ^ Diario de Navarra 03.06.17, Mikelarena 2015, p. 262-3, Aldaba, Iraizoz 2016, p. 221
  35. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 263
  36. ^ „organización agraria de signo propietario”, Gloria Sanz Lafuente, La Asociación de Labradores de Zaragoza (1900-1930), [in:] Historia Agraria 25 (2001), p. 157
  37. ^ Jimeno Jurío 1997, p. 125
  38. ^ Diario de Navarra 18.11.20
  39. ^ see Diario de Navarra 08.01.22
  40. ^ Diario de Navarra 03.02.25
  41. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 263
  42. ^ though Echauri was in the Basque-speaking part of Navarre until mid-19th century, later the Basque ethnic zone contracted; during Ezcurra's youth the town was predominantly castellano with only older generation speaking Basque as their native tongue
  43. ^ Eusko-Ikaskuntza. Sociedad de Estudios Vascos. Memoria de la Sociedad. Estado de Caja. Títulos y cargos. Lista de socios, 1920-1922, San Sebastián 1923, p. 30
  44. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 263, Aldaba, Iraizoz 2016, p. 222
  45. ^ Diario de Navarra 16.05.28
  46. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 263
  47. ^ Diario de Navarra 23.07.29
  48. ^ Emilio Majuelo Gil, Ángel Pascual Bonis, Del catolicismo agrario al cooperativismo empresarial: setenta y cinco años de la Federación de Cooperativas navarras, 1910-1985, Madrid 1991, ISBN 8474798949, p. 469
  49. ^ Diario de Navarra 14.04.29
  50. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, pp. 474-475
  51. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, p. 186
  52. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, p. 198
  53. ^ BOE 08.10.29, available here
  54. ^ in 1924 he took part in local exposition of “trajes, labores y objetos”, Diario de Navarra 05.10.24
  55. ^ Diario de Navarra 22.10.24
  56. ^ “la más entusiasta y sincera adhesión a la tarea emprendida en favor del Estatuto Vasco”, Punto y Hora de Euskal Herria 15.11.75, p. 25, available here
  57. ^ Diario de Navarra 28.07.31
  58. ^ Victor Manuel Arbeloa, Navarra y los estatutos de autonomía (1931 - 1932), Madrid 2015, ISBN 9788416549184, p. 246
  59. ^ Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta, La construcción de una nacionalidad vasca, Donostia 1990, ISBN 9788487471049, p. 638. See also Acta de la Asamblea celebrada por los ayuntamientos vascos-navarros, Pamplona 1932, p. 10, available here
  60. ^ Punto y Hora de Euskal Herria 15.11.75, p. 25
  61. ^ Enciclopedia general ilustrada del País Vasco, Donostia 1970, p. 549
  62. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, p. 186
  63. ^ Boletín de Instituto de Reforma Agraria II/13 (1933), p. 151
  64. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, p. 187
  65. ^ named Sociedad de Trabajadores de la Tierra, Mikelarena 2015, p. 264, also Aldaba, Iraizoz 2016, p. 222
  66. ^ “para todas partes se levantan peligros formidables: ley de Reforma Agraria, ley de Términos Municipales, ley del Laboreo Forzoso, ley de la Bolsa de Colocación, jurados mixtos, based de trabajo en el campo”, quoted after Juan Jesús Virto, Víctor Manuel Arbeloa, La cuestión agraria navarra (1900-1936) (y III), [in:] Príncipe de Viana 46/174 (1985), p. 291
  67. ^ Diario de Navarra 19.10.35
  68. ^ named Sindicato de Trabajadores del Campo. In 1933 he gave address also at Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Tierra, Diario de Navarra 11.11.33
  69. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, p. 196. Unlike in southern Spain, grand property did not form a large share of agricultural land in Navarre. Out of some 318,000 ha, around 18,000 ha (5,7%) belonged to grand proprietors; largest estate, senorio de Baigorri, amounted to 27,600 robadas (some 2,480 ha), Juan Jesús Virto Ibáñez, Víctor Manuel Arbeloa Muru, La cuestión agraria navarra (1900-1936) I, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 45/171 (1984), p. 121
  70. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, pp. 199, 475, Javier Dronda Martínez, Con Cristo o contra Cristo. Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en navarra (1931-1936), Tafalla 2013, ISBN 9788415313311, p. 172
  71. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, p. 199
  72. ^ Diario de Navarra 25.03.31, Mikelarena 2015, p. 263, Aldaba, Iraizoz 2016, p. 222
  73. ^ monographic works on Carlism during this period ignore him. He does not appear in the index of names in Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 1975, ISBN 9780521207294, though he is briefly mentioned (with reference to year 1937) on p. 288
  74. ^ Larraz Andía, Sierra-Sesumaga 2011, p. 666
  75. ^ Antonio Lizarza, Memorias de la conspiración, [in:] Navarra fue la primera, Pamplona 2006, ISBN 8493508187, p. 43
  76. ^ in January 1936 commander of Navarrese requeté Utrilla divided Tercio de Pamplona into 3 companies; Ezcurra was to head 3. Company (covering valles de Echauri, Cizur, Galar and Olza). The other companies were to be led by del Burgo and Ozcoidi. Both were in their 20s, while Ezcurra at the time was approaching 50 years of age
  77. ^ Lizarza 2006, p. 71, Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936–1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758, p. 351
  78. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 265
  79. ^ Aldaba, Iraizoz 2016, p. 222, Mikelarena 2015, p. 200
  80. ^ togeter with the Navarrese requeté commander Utrilla, Juan Carlos Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós, El Carlismo, la República y la Guerra Civil (1936-1937). De la conspiración a la unificación, Madrid 1996, ISBN 9788487863523, p. 31
  81. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, p. 199, Ana Marín Fidalgo, Manuel M. Burgueño, In memoriam. Manuel J. Fal Conde (1894-1975), Sevilla 1980, p. 38, Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, pp. 32-33, Lizarza 2006, p. 94, Aróstegui 2013, p. 115
  82. ^ "with the beret on or off"; red beret is a symbolic Carlist headgear. Mikelarena 2015, p. 200
  83. ^ "if tomorrow we do not convince the general, I will be throwing bombs myself", Rúben Emanuel Leitão Prazeres Serém, Conspiracy, coup d’état and civil war in Seville (1936-1939): History and myth in Francoist Spain [PhD thesis London School of Economics], London 2012, p. 37
  84. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 174
  85. ^ in early summer of 1936 in Tercio de Pamplona there where 2 capitanes (Burgo, Ozcoidi) and 2 tenientes (Ezcurra, Maximino Lacalle), plus some 20 alféreces, Javier Ugarte Tellería, La nueva Covadonga insurgente: orígenes sociales y culturales de la sublevación de 1936 en Navarra y el País Vasco, Madrid 1998, ISBN 9788470305313, p. 265
  86. ^ as he was considered “hacendado acomodado”, Ugarte Tellería 1998, p. 266
  87. ^ in the very early days he was noted only as issuing patrolling and vigilance orders to local Echauri grouplets, Aldaba, Iraizoz 2016, p. 36
  88. ^ the case of Lizarza, Aróstegui 2013, p. 352
  89. ^ the case of Utrilla, who commanded a detachment sent to Zaragoza, Aróstegui 2013, p. 406
  90. ^ one author claims the nomination was made on August 7, Mikelarena 2015, p. 266. However, in mid-August a newspaper from Pamplona referred to him as "vecino de Echauri, don Esteban Ezcurra", see El Pensamiento Navarro 15.08.36, available here
  91. ^ Ugarte Tellería 1998, p. 293
  92. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 95
  93. ^ e.g. Ezcurra directed a 16-year-old volunteer to a radio detachment, see recollections of José Javier Nagore Yárnoz, [in:] Fundación Ignacio Larramendi service, available here
  94. ^ in December 1936 Ezcrurra issued orders for some requeté sub-units, freshly formed in Pamplona, to march towards specific frontline sections, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 674-676
  95. ^ e.g. in September 1936 he was leading a parade in Pamplona, Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 57; in January 1937 he was speaking at public events, Pensamiento Alaves 18.01.37, available here
  96. ^ in March 1937 he visited frontline requeté units on the Basque front, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 341, 344
  97. ^ in August 1936 the staff of Ejercito del Norte contacted Ezcurra and ordered Comunion Tradicionalista militias to “controlen sus actividades policiales en la retaguardia”, Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 190
  98. ^ in November 1936 Ezcurra took part in sitting of Diputación, which produced plans to set up a university in Pamplona, Reyes Berruezo Albeniz, Un nuevo proyecto de Universidad de Pamplona, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 10 (1988), p. 61
  99. ^ Fernando Mikelarena Peña published at least 12 works, dedicated to Nationalist repression in Navarre, see La intensidad de la limpieza política franquista en la Ribera de Navarra, [in:] Hispania Nova 9 (2009), pp. 7-40; Sin piedad. Limpieza política en Navarra, 1936. Responsables, colaboradores y ejecutores, Tafalla 2015, ISBN 9788476819166; Memoria y relato de la limpieza política de 1936-1939, [in:] Hermes. Pentsamendu eta historia aldizkaria 52 (2016), pp. 30-36; Estructura, cadena de mando y ejecutores de la represión de boina roja en Navarra en 1936, [in:] Historia Contemporánea 53 (2016), pp. 593-621; Tormenta sobre la inspección. La represión franquista contra los inspectores de primera enseñanza de Navarra, [in:] Historia y Memoria de la Educación 4 (2016), pp. 337-369; Muertes oscuras: contrabandistas, redes de evasión y asesinatos políticos en el país del Bidasoa, 1936, Tafalla 2017, ISBN 9788476819883; La [des]memoria de los vencedores: Jaime del Burgo, Rafael García Serrano y la Hermandad de Caballeros Voluntarios de la Cruz, Pamplona 2019, ISBN 9788491721093; Sobre la implementación de la limpieza política franquista en Navarra en 1936-1937, [in:] Diacroniae. Studi di Storia Contemporanea 37/1 (2019), pp. 1-18; (with Victor Moreno) Osasuna 1936. Golpistas, represaliados y franquismo, Pamplona 2021, ISBN 9788491722168; Memoria familiar compartida y violencia en retaguardia, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 83 (2022), pp. 667-695; El carlismo de base que permaneció en retaguardia y la limpieza política en Navarra en 1936-1937, [in:] Hispania Nova 21 (2023), pp. 31-67; La emoción comunitarista católica y foral patriótica y la comunidad de los vencedores en Navarra en el verano de 1936. El papel de Eladio Esparza como gestor de emociones colectivas, [in:] El Futuro del Pasado [accesso anticipado] (2023) pp. 1-41. In many of them Ezcurra is treated in more or less detail, presented as the chief responsible for Carlist terror, compare “asumió la coordinación de los asuntos que tenían que ver con la represión” (Sin piedad..., p. 200), “encargado de los presos en los centros de detención por parte de los requetés” (Sin piedad..., p. 201), “Tercio Móvil encargado de las tareas represivas bajo el mando de Esteban Ezcurra como jefe de Requetés” (Sin piedad..., p. 207), among “tres mandos principales de la represión de boina roja” (Sin piedad..., p. 208), “tres mandos primordiales en la gestión de la represión de boina roja en Navarra” (Sin piedad..., p. 209), “toda la capacidad y animosidad represiva de la Junta Central Carlista de Guerra de Navarra se canalizaba a través de un equipo dirigido por Esteban Ezcurra” (Sin piedad..., p. 262), “protagonismo ... en el plano de la implementación de las ejecuciones” (Memoria..., p. 34), “toda la capacidad y animosidad represiva de la JCCGN se vehiculizaba a través de un equipo dirigido por Esteban Ezcurra Arraiza” (Estructura..., p. 610), “asumió la coordinación en la gestión de los asuntos que tenían que ver con la represión” (Estructura..., p. 611), “Al mando de todo ello estuvieron la mayor parte del tiempo Esteban Ezcurra Arraiza” (Carlismo de base..., p. 47)
  100. ^ the author compares the number of killings to the number of votes on Frente Popular in the 1936 elections; the ratio is highest in case of Navarre, Mikelarena 2015, pp. 20-21
  101. ^ see an attempt to reconstruct the decision-making process behind repression in the Nationalist zone, Ángel Alcalde, The Path to Mass Murder: Rebel Decision Making and Francoist Power in the Spanish Civil War, [in:] Journal of Modern History 95/3 (2023), pp. 596-626
  102. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 202
  103. ^ Ezcurra’s headquarters was in the Piarist college, turned to detention centre, Aldaba, Iraizoz 2016, p. 223
  104. ^ Mikelarena 2016 (Estructura...), p. 606. It is believed that apart from Escolapios (31 guards) Ezcurra managed also detachments acting as guards in other Pamplonese prisons, namely Penal de San Cristóbal (32) and Cárcel Provincial (20), Mikelarena 2023, p. 48
  105. ^ as a proof it is quoted that in November 1936 a prisoner was set free after having been interrogated by sort of a committee, headed by Ezcurra, Mikelarena 2015, p. 269
  106. ^ the author claims that original documents are highly ambiguous and allow only general opinion, but are not enough evidence to make exact and detailed claims, see “nunca alcancan un grado compremetedor”, or “queda muy difumada la realidad de la existencia de unos cuadros intermedios entre aquellos tres primordiales en la gestión de la represión”, “solamente se consignan informaciones, también de índole fragmentaria”, Mikelarena 2015, p. 209, “dificultades ocasionadas por los expurgos documentales relacionados con la documentación más incriminatoria”, Mikelarena 2016 (Memoria..., p. 33)
  107. ^ "al mando de todo ello estuvieron la mayor parte del tiempo Esteban Ezcurra Arraiza y sus lugartenientes", Mikelarena 2023, p. 47
  108. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 208
  109. ^ articles in partisan press at times advance phrases like “un célebre asesino requeté”, but not personally with regard to Ezcurra, see e.g. ¿Qué esconde la Hermandad de Caballeros Voluntarios de la Cruz?, [in:] Nueva Tribuna 22.10.18, available here
  110. ^ one scholar claims he was nominated on August 7 but provides no sources, Mikelarena 2015, p. 266. In mid-August a newspaper from Pamplona referred to him as "vecino de Echauri, don Esteban Ezcurra", see El Pensamiento Navarro 15.08.36, available here. His first known appearance as jefe de requetes was a radio broadcast dated on August 27, Mikelarena 2015, p. 266. The first identified press appearance as jefe is also on August 27, El Pensamiento Navarro 27.08.36, available here. The Valcaldera massacre took place on August 23, 1936.
  111. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 267
  112. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 266. In 2021 Del Burgo's descendant Arturo del Burgo Aspiroz filed a libel case against Mikelarena, and the issue turned into a hotly debated topic in Navarre. It is not clear whether the case has been decided already
  113. ^ El Defensor de Cordoba 21.10.36, available here
  114. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 268
  115. ^ Aldaba, Iraizoz 2016, p. 222
  116. ^ he is not listed among participants in all works which mention the meeting, see e.g. Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 246, Blinkhorn 1975, s. 283, Aurora Villanueva Martínez, El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937-1951, Madrid 1998, ISBN 9788487863714, p. 538. He is missing on a photo, made during the session, see Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 538
  117. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 33
  118. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 218
  119. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 33, Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 267, Blinkhorn 1975, p. 288
  120. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 34
  121. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 35, also Juan-Cruz Allí Aranguren, El carlismo de Franco. De Rodezno a Carlos VIII [PhD thesis UNED], s.l. 2021, p. 305
  122. ^ “los requetés están conformes con lo que se dice por la Comisión de la Junta de Guerra de Navarra, pues no quieren que se esfuerzo de lucha se quede sin fruto en la retaguardia al forjar la Nueva España”, quoted after Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 268
  123. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 268
  124. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 271-272, Manuel Martorell Pérez, Navarra 1937-1939: el fiasco de la Unificación, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 69 (2008), p. 444
  125. ^ “Al felicitar a V.E. por magnífica alocución radiada, reiteramos adhesión entusiasta a Generalísimo Ejércitos Nacionales que encarna virtudes de la raza, espíritu de la nueva España tradicionalista. Ezcurra”, quoted after Punto y Hora de Euskal Herria 15.11.75, p. 25, available here
  126. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 268
  127. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 75
  128. ^ El Pensamiento Navarro 24.06.37
  129. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 50
  130. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 51, Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 297
  131. ^ Diario de Navarra 05.11.37, La Rioja 05.11.37, available here
  132. ^ Heraldo de Castellón 07.02.38, available here
  133. ^ La Hora 08.02.38, available here
  134. ^ La Libertad 08.02.38, available here
  135. ^ La Rioja 31.03.38, available here
  136. ^ in 1940 Utrilla identified 3 factions within the languishing requeté structures: 1) Junta Militar oficial, 2) old Jefatura (with Ezcurra), 3) Delegación Navarra (with Lizarza), best-rooted in the region, Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 146
  137. ^ Fal was rather skeptical about it, Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 150-151
  138. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 156
  139. ^ in 1942 the split in among Navarrese requete leaders was – according to an internal report – among pre-war leadership (including Ezcurra) and wartime commanders, with the former against and the latter for recruitment to División Azul, Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 172
  140. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 196
  141. ^ “por orden de Esteban Ezcurra” they were to based on small, 10-man and merged with Juventud, Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 202
  142. ^ the process was to be carried out with approval of the then Navarrese Jefé Regional, Jesús Elizalde, Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 203
  143. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 198
  144. ^ < Emilio Deán Berro was nominated president, Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 250
  145. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 275
  146. ^ the candidates were Miguel Gortari, Luis Arellano, and Juan Echandi, Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 467
  147. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 268
  148. ^ with other Carlists like Echave-Sustaeta or Martínez de Morentin, Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, p. 474
  149. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, pp. 206-209
  150. ^ Majuelo Gil, Pascual Bonis 1991, pp. 469-471
  151. ^ for 1944 see Diario de Navarra 16.01.44, for 1945 see Diario de Navarra 08.04.45
  152. ^ Diario de Navarra 14.04.46
  153. ^ Villanueva Martínez 1998, p. 541
  154. ^ in May 1935 Ezcurra was a candidate of Bloque de Derechas to CFA, Mikelarena 2015, p. 265, Aldaba, Iraizoz 2016, p. 222
  155. ^ Diario de Navarra 03.05.52
  156. ^ Diario de Navarra 07.05.60
  157. ^ for 1953 see Diario de Navarra 25.04.53, for 1954 see Diario de Navarra 24.04.54, for 1956 see Diario de Navarra 27.05.56, for 1958 see Diario de Navarra 06.05.58
  158. ^ Mikelarena 2015, p. 268
  159. ^ Diario de Navarra 29.03.64, El Pensamiento Navarro 24.03.64
  160. ^ Postumo homenaje al caballero navarro D. Esteban Ezcura [sic!] Arraiza, [in:] El Pensamiento Navarro 05.04.64, available here

Further reading

  • Emilio Majuelo Gil, Ángel Pascual Bonis, Del catolicismo agrario al cooperativismo empresarial: setenta y cinco años de la Federación de Cooperativas navarras, 1910-1985, Pamplona 1991, ISBN 8474798949
  • Fernando Mikelarena Peña, El carlismo de base que permaneció en retaguardia y la limpieza política en Navarra en 1936-1937, [in:] Hispania Nova 21 (2023), pp. 31–67
  • Fernando Mikelarena Peña, Estructura, cadena de mando y ejecutores de la represión de boina roja en Navarra en 1936, [in:] Historia Contemporánea 53 (2016), pp. 593–621
  • Fernando Mikelarena Peña, Memoria y relato de la limpieza política de 1936-1939, [in:] Hermes. Pentsamendu eta historia aldizkaria 52 (2016), pp. 30–36
  • Fernando Mikelarena Peña, Sin piedad. Limpieza política en Navarra, 1936. Responsables, colaboradores y ejecutores, Tafalla 2015, ISBN 9788476819166
  • Fernando Mikelarena Peña, Sobre la implementación de la limpieza política franquista en Navarra en 1936-1937, [in:] Diacroniae. Studi di Storia Contemporanea 37/1 (2019), pp. 1–18
  • Aurora Villanueva Martínez, El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937-1951, Madrid 1998, ISBN 9788487863714
  • Juan Jesús Virto, Víctor Manuel Arbeloa, La cuestión agraria navarra (1900-1936) (y III), [in:] Príncipe de Viana 46/174 (1985), pp. 247–296

External links

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