"Eremitic" redirects here. For the album by Seirom, see
Eremitic (album).
A hermit, also known as an eremite (
adjectival form: hermitic or eremitic) or solitary, is a person who lives in
seclusion.[1][2][3] Eremitism plays a role in a variety of
religions.
Description
In
Christianity, the term was originally applied to a Christian who lives the eremitic life out of a religious conviction, namely the
Desert Theology of the
Old Testament (i.e., the 40 years wandering in the
desert that was meant to bring about a change of heart).
Often, both in religious and secular literature, the term "hermit" is used loosely for any Christian living a
secluded prayer-focused life, and sometimes interchangeably with
anchorite/anchoress,
recluse, and "solitary". Other religions, including
Buddhism,
Hinduism,
Islam (
Sufism), and
Taoism, afford examples of hermits in the form of adherents living an
ascetic way of life.
In modern colloquial usage, "hermit" denotes anyone living apart from the rest of society, or having entirely or in part withdrawn from society, for any reason.
Etymology
The word hermit comes from the
Latinĕrēmīta,[5] the
latinisation of the
Greek ἐρημίτης (erēmitēs), "of the desert",[6] which in turn comes from ἔρημος (erēmos),[7] signifying "desert", "uninhabited", hence "desert-dweller"; adjective: "eremitic".
History
Tradition
In the common Christian tradition the first known Christian hermit in Egypt was
Paul of Thebes (
fl. 3rd century), hence also called "St. Paul the first hermit".
Antony of Egypt (fl. 4th century), often referred to as "Antony the Great", is perhaps the most renowned of all the early Christian hermits owing to the biography by
Athanasius of Alexandria. An antecedent for Egyptian eremiticism may have been the Syrian solitary or "son of the covenant" (
Aramaicbar qəyāmā) who undertook special disciplines as a Christian.[8]
Christian hermits in the past have often lived in isolated
cells or
hermitages, whether a natural cave or a constructed dwelling, situated in the desert or the forest. People sometimes sought them out for spiritual advice and counsel. Some eventually acquired so many
disciples that they no longer enjoyed physical solitude.[citation needed] Some early Christian
Desert Fathers wove baskets to exchange for bread.
In medieval times, hermits were also found within or near cities where they might earn a living as gate keepers or ferrymen. In the 10th century, a rule for hermits living in a monastic community was written by
Grimlaicus. In the 11th century, the life of the hermit gained recognition as a legitimate independent pathway to salvation. Many hermits in that century and the next came to be regarded as
saints.[9] From the Middle Ages and down to modern times, eremitic monasticism has also been practiced within the context of religious institutes in the Christian West.
In the
Catholic Church, the
Carthusians and
Camaldolese arrange their monasteries as clusters of hermitages where the monks live most of their day and most of their lives in solitary prayer and work, gathering only briefly for communal prayer and only occasionally for community meals and recreation. The
Cistercian,
Trappist, and
Carmelite orders, which are essentially communal in nature, allow members who feel a
calling to the eremitic life, after years living in the
cenobium or community of the monastery, to move to a cell suitable as a hermitage on monastery grounds. There have also been many hermits who chose that vocation as an alternative to other forms of monastic life.
The term "anchorite" (from the
Greekἀναχωρέωanachōreō, signifying "to withdraw", "to depart into the country outside the circumvallate city") is often used as a synonym for hermit, not only in the earliest written sources but throughout the centuries.[10] Yet the anchoritic life, while similar to the eremitic life, can also be distinct from it. Anchorites lived the religious life in the solitude of an "anchorhold" (or "anchorage"), usually a small hut or "cell", typically built against a church.[11] The door of an anchorage tended to be bricked up in a special ceremony conducted by the local bishop after the anchorite had moved in. Medieval churches survive that have a tiny window ("squint") built into the shared wall near the
sanctuary to allow the anchorite to participate in the
liturgy by listening to the service and to receive
Holy Communion. Another window looked out into the street or cemetery, enabling charitable neighbors to deliver food and other necessities. Clients seeking the anchorite's advice might also use this window to consult them.[12]
Contemporary Christian life
Catholicism
Catholics who wish to live in eremitic monasticism may live that
vocation as a hermit:
in an eremitic order, for example
Carthusian or
Camaldolese (in the latter one affiliate
oblates may also live as hermits)
as a diocesan hermit under the canonical direction of their
bishop (canon 603, see below)
There are also lay people who informally follow an eremitic lifestyle and live mostly as solitaries.[13] Not all the Catholic lay members that feel that it is their vocation to dedicate themselves to God in a prayerful solitary life perceive it as a vocation to some form of consecrated life. An example of this is life as a
Poustinik, an Eastern Catholic expression of eremitic living that is finding adherents also in the West.
Eremitic members of religious institutes
In the
Catholic Church, the
institutes of consecrated life have their own regulations concerning those of their members who feel called by God to move from the
life in community to the eremitic life, and have the permission of their religious superior to do so. The
Code of Canon Law contains no special provisions for them. They technically remain a member of their
institute of consecrated life and thus under obedience to their religious superior.
The
Carthusian and
Camaldolese orders of monks and nuns preserve their original way of life as essentially eremitic within a cenobitical context, that is, the monasteries of these orders are in fact clusters of individual hermitages where monks and nuns spend their days alone with relatively short periods of prayer in common.
Other orders that are essentially cenobitical, notably the
Trappists, maintain a tradition under which individual monks or nuns who have reached a certain level of maturity within the community may pursue a hermit lifestyle on monastery grounds under the supervision of the abbot or abbess.
Thomas Merton was among the Trappists who undertook this way of life.
Diocesan hermits
The earliest form of Christian eremitic or anchoritic living preceded that of being a member of a religious institute, since
monastic communities and religious institutes are later developments of the
monastic life. Bearing in mind that the meaning of the eremitic vocation is the Desert Theology of the Old Testament, it may be said that the desert of the urban hermit is that of their heart, purged through
kenosis to be the dwelling place of God alone.
So as to provide for men and women who feel a
vocation to the eremitic or anchoritic life without being or becoming a member of an institute of consecrated life, but desire its recognition by the Roman Catholic Church as a form of
consecrated life nonetheless, the 1983 Code of Canon Law legislates in the Section on Consecrated Life (canon 603) as follows:
§1 Besides
institutes of consecrated life the church recognizes the eremitic or anchoritic life by which the Christian faithful devote their life to the praise of God and salvation of the world through a stricter separation from the world, the silence of solitude, and assiduous prayer and penance.
§2 A hermit is recognized by law as one dedicated to God in consecrated life if he or she publicly professes in the hands of the diocesan bishop the three evangelical counsels, confirmed by vow or other sacred bond, and observes a proper program of living under his direction.
Canon 603 §2 lays down the requirements for diocesan hermits.
From the very beginning of the Church there were men and women who set out to follow Christ with greater liberty, and to imitate him more closely, by practicing the
evangelical counsels. They led lives dedicated to God, each in his own way. Many of them, under the inspiration of the
Holy Spirit, became hermits or founded religious families. These the Church, by virtue of her authority, gladly accepted and approved.
...
Hermits devote their life to the praise of God and salvation of the world through a stricter separation from the world, the silence of solitude, and assiduous prayer and penance. (Footnote: CIC, can. 603 §1) They manifest to everyone the interior aspect of the mystery of the Church, that is, personal intimacy with Christ. Hidden from the eyes of men, the life of the hermit is a silent preaching of the Lord, to whom he has surrendered his life simply because he is everything to him. Here is a particular call to find in the desert, in the thick of spiritual battle, the glory of the Crucified One.
Catholic Church norms for the consecrated eremitic and anchoritic life do not include corporal works of mercy. Nevertheless, every hermit, like every Christian, is bound by the law of charity and therefore ought to respond generously, as his or her own circumstances permit, when faced with a specific need for corporal works of mercy. Hermits are also bound by the law of work. If they are not financially independent, they may engage in cottage industries or be employed part-time in jobs that respect the call for them to live in solitude and silence with extremely limited or no contact with other persons. Such outside jobs may not keep them from observing their obligations of the eremitic vocation of stricter separation from the world and the silence of solitude in accordance with canon 603, under which they have made their
vow. Although canon 603 makes no provision for associations of hermits, these do exist (for example the Hermits of Bethlehem in Chester, NJ, and the Hermits of Saint Bruno in the United States; see also
lavra,
skete).[14]
Anglicanism
Many of the recognised religious communities and orders in the
Anglican Communion make provision for certain members to live as hermits, more commonly referred to as solitaries. One
Church of England community, the
Society of St. John the Evangelist, now has only solitaries in its British congregation.[15] Anglicanism also makes provision for men and women who seek to live a single consecrated life, after taking vows before their local bishop; many who do so live as solitaries.[16] The Handbook of Religious Life, published by the Advisory Council of Relations between Bishops and Religious Communities, contains an appendix governing the selection, consecration, and management of solitaries living outside recognised religious communities.[17]
In the Canon Law of the
Episcopal Church (United States), those who make application to their diocesan bishop and who persevere in whatever preparatory program the bishop requires, take vows that include lifelong celibacy. They are referred to as solitaries rather than hermits. Each selects a bishop other than their diocesan as an additional spiritual resource and, if necessary, an intermediary. At the start of the twenty-first century, the Church of England reported a notable increase in the number of applications from people seeking to live the single consecrated life as Anglican hermits or solitaries.[18] A religious community known as the Solitaries of DeKoven, who make
Anglican prayer beads and
Pater Noster cords to support themselves, are an example of an Anglican
hermitage.[19]
Eastern Orthodoxy
In the
Orthodox Church and
Eastern Rite Catholic Churches, hermits live a life of prayer as well as service to their community in the traditional Eastern Christian manner of the poustinik. The poustinik is a hermit available to all in need and at all times. In the Eastern Christian churches, one traditional variation of the Christian eremitic life is the semi-eremitic life in a
lavra or
skete, exemplified historically in
Scetes, a place in the Egyptian desert, and continued in various sketes today, including several regions on
Mount Athos.
Sr Scholastica Egan, writer on the eremitic vocation
Sr Laurel M O'Neal, Er Dio, spiritual director, writer on eremitic life
Hermits of Bethlehem, Chester, NJ (modern lavra)
Fr Martin Suhartono, Er Dio, formerly Jesuit
Others:
Masafumi Nagasaki, Japan's "naked hermit," lived on the island of
Sotobanari until he became ill and was forced to leave the island by the government.[21][22]
Jeanne Le Ber, 17th/18th-century Canadian Catholic recluse, inspired the founding of the Order of female religious the
Recluse Sisters / Les Recluses Missionaires.
From a religious point of view, the solitary life is a form of
asceticism, wherein the hermit renounces worldly concerns and pleasures. This can be done for many reasons, including: to come closer to the
deity or deities they worship or revere, to devote one's energies to self-liberation from
saṃsāra, etc. This practice appears also in ancient
Śramaṇa traditions,
Buddhism,
Jainism,
Hinduism,
Kejawèn, and
Sufism.
Taoism also has a long history of ascetic and eremitic figures. In the ascetic eremitic life, the hermit seeks solitude for
meditation,
contemplation,
prayer, self-awareness, and personal development on physical and mental levels, without the distractions of contact with human society, sex, or the need to maintain socially acceptable standards of cleanliness, dress, or communication. The ascetic discipline can also include a simplified diet and/or manual labor as a means of support.
Notable hermits in other religions
Wang Fu a Han Dynasty recluse left society because of the eunuchs around the
Three Kingdoms period in history. He was a Confucian who wrote Qianfu Lun.[23]
lu Shang or the T'ai Kung lived in seclusion after King Zhou ignored him. He was a general who butchered cows in the street and fished with unique hooks or none at all.
King Wen of Zhou found him, and in some traditions wrote the
six secret teachings.[24]
Yi Yin severed King Jie of the Xia Dynasty. He was ignored by society, planted fields, and loved to watch them grow. King Tang came and helped found the
Shang Dynasty. Some say that he was a cook, which was how he won King Tang over, but
Mencius rejected this.[25][26]
Laozi, the semi-legendary author of the
Tao Te Ching and founder of philosophical
Taoism, who is known in some traditions as having been a hermit.[27]
Zhang Daoling, founder of
Tianshi Dao, retired and led a reclusive life at Mount Beimang, where he practiced Taoist methods to attain longevity.
U Khandi, religious figure in Burma who lived as a hermit and meditated at the Mandalay Thakho hill and Shwe-myin-tin hill.
Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta Thera, who is credited for establishing the
Thai Forest Tradition, spent his monastic life wandering through Thailand, Burma, and Laos, dwelling for the most part in the forest, engaged in the practice of meditation.
Ramana Maharshi, the renowned Hindu philosopher and saint who meditated for several years at and around the hillside temple of
Thiruvannamalai in Southern India.
The
Baal Shem Tov, founder of
Hasidism, lived for many years as a hermit in the Carpathian Mountains.
Rabbi
Nachman of Bratzlav, the Baal Shem Tov's great-grandson, also spent much time in seclusion and instructed his disciples to set aside at least one hour a day for secluded contemplation and prayer. Some followers of Rabbi Nachman devoted themselves to seclusion, such as Rabbi Shmuel of Dashev and two generations later, Rabbi
Abraham Chazan.
Rabbi
Yosef Yozel Horowitz, known as the "Alter (Elder) of Novardok", succeeded his master Rabbi
Yisrael Salanter in disseminating the pietistic teachings of the Lithuanian
Mussar Movement. He too spent much time in seclusion, including one year during which he confined himself to a sealed room, attended by a few devoted followers.
In medieval
romances, the
knight-errant frequently encounters hermits on his
quest. Such a figure, generally a
wise old man, would advise him. Knights searching for the
Holy Grail, in particular, learn from a hermit the errors they must repent for, and the significance of their encounters, dreams, and visions.[29] Evil
wizards would sometimes pose as hermits, to explain their presence in the wilds, and to lure heroes into a false sense of security. In
Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, both occurred: the knight on a quest met a good hermit, and the sorcerer
Archimago took on such a pose.[30] These hermits are sometimes also vegetarians for ascetic reasons, as suggested in a passage from
Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur: "Then departed Gawain and Ector as heavy (sad) as they might for their misadventure (mishap), and so rode till that they came to the rough mountain, and there they tied their horses and went on foot to the hermitage. And when they were (had) come up, they saw a poor house, and beside the chapel a little courtelage (courtyard), where Nacien the hermit gathered worts (vegetables), as he had tasted none other meat (food) of a great while."[31] The practice of
vegetarianism may have also existed amongst actual medieval hermits outside of literature.
Hermits appear in a few of the stories of
Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron. One of the most famous stories, the tenth story of the third day, involves the seduction of a young girl by a hermit in the desert near
Gafsa; it was judged to be so obscene that it was not translated into English until the 20th century.
The Three Hermits is a famous short story by Russian author Leo Tolstoy written in 1885 and first published in 1886, with its shock ending, featured the 3 hermits as the titular characters. The main character of
Tolstoy's short story "
Father Sergius" is a Russian nobleman who turns to a solitary religious life and becomes a hermit after he learns that his fiancée was a discarded mistress of the
czar.
^Tom Licence, Hermits and Recluses in English Society 950–1200, (Oxford, 2011), p. 36.
^Oxford English Dictionary. "A person who has withdrawn or secluded themself from the world; usually one who has done so for religious reasons, a recluse, a hermit."
^See for instance Bamberg Anne, Ermite reconnu par l’Église. Le c. 603 du code de droit canonique et la haute responsabilité de l’évêque diocésain, in Vie consacrée, 74, 2002, p. 104–118 and Entre théologie et droit canonique : l’ermite catholique face à l’obéissance, in Nouvelle revue théologique, 125, 2003, p. 429–439 or Eremiten und geweihtes Leben. Zur kanonischen Typologie, in Geist und Leben, 78, 2005, p. 313–318.
^Advisory Council of Relations between Bishops and Religious Communities (2004). Handbook of Religious Life (Fifth (revised) ed.). London: Canterbury Press (published 2012). p. 194.
ISBN9781853116186.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
public domain.
Porter, Noah, ed. (1913). "Hermit". Webster's Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: C. & G. Merriam Co.